Related Experiment Video
Updated: Nov 10, 2025

Muscle Imbalances: Testing and Training Functional Eccentric Hamstring Strength in Athletic Populations
Published on: May 1, 2018
The correlation between fear of falling and upper extremity muscle strength
Bulent Yardimci1, Melahat Akdeniz1, Tarik Demir1
1From the Department of Internal Medicine (Yardimci), Istanbul American Hospital; from the Department of Nursing Home (Demir), Balikli Rum Hospital, Istanbul; and from the Department of Family Medicine (Akdeniz), Faculty of Medicine, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey.
Objectives:
To determine the relationship between fear of falling (FOF) and upper extremity muscle strength.
Methods:
This cross-sectional study included 112 hospitalized, mobile patients. Forty-seven (42%) were males and 65 (58%) were females, and the mean age was 72.3. The study was carried out between September 2018 and September 2019 at Balikli Rum Hospital Nursing Homes, Istanbul, Turkey. Patients were tested using geriatric tools (such as Mini-Mental State Examination) and physical tests such as handgrip, key pinch and 6-meter up and go tests.
Results:
The average annual falling number of elderly people with FOF was statistically significantly higher than that in those without FOF (p=0.001). Right handgrip, left handgrip, right key pinch, and left key-pinch mean values in elderly individuals with FOF were statistically significantly lower than those without FOF (p< 0.001, p< 0.001, p< 0.001, p< 0.001, respectively).
Conclusion:
The measurement of upper extremity strength could be a predicting parameter of FOF.
Related Concept Videos
Disorders of the Skeletal Muscle
Musculoskeletal disorders
Musculoskeletal disorders involve injuries and conditions affecting the skeletal muscles and associated connective tissues. These disorders can arise from acute biomechanical stresses or chronic overuse and can occur across different age groups. Common injuries include sprains, fractures, and muscular strains, often resulting from...
Preparedness and Phobias
Muscles that Move the Forearm
Forearm Flexors
The biceps brachii, brachialis, and brachioradialis are forearm flexors. The biceps brachii is made up of two heads. Its long head originates at the supraglenoid tubercle of the scapula, whereas that of the short head is...
Muscles of the Shoulder
Anterior Thoracic Muscles
The anterior thoracic muscles include the serratus anterior, subclavius, and...
Coefficient of Correlation
If you suspect a linear relationship between x and y, then r can measure how strong the linear relationship is.
What the VALUE of r tells us:
The value of r is always between –1 and +1: –1 ≤ r ≤ 1.
The size of the correlation r indicates the...
Muscles that Move the Arm
The pectoralis major has two origins. Its clavicular head originates on the medial half of the clavicle. In contrast, the sternocostal head originates on the costal cartilages of ribs 1-6, the sternum, and the aponeurosis of the external oblique of the...

