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Related Concept Videos

Skeletal Muscle Anatomy00:55

Skeletal Muscle Anatomy

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Skeletal muscle is the most abundant type of muscle in the body. Tendons are the connective tissue that attaches skeletal muscle to bones. Skeletal muscles pull on tendons, which in turn pull on bones to carry out voluntary movements.
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Several body functions deteriorate with age. The external signs of aging are easily identifiable. For example, the skin becomes dry, less elastic, and thins out, forming wrinkles. The skin of the face begins to appear looser due to a decrease in the levels of elastic and collagen fibers in the connective tissue. Additionally, melanin production in the hair follicle decreases with age, resulting in gray hair. Moreover, the senses of sight and hearing decline, so glasses and hearing aids may...
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De novo myogenesis, or the formation of muscle fibers, begins during the early embryonic stages. The skeletal muscle is formed from somites– blocks of embryonic cell layers. The somites are further divided into dermatomes, myotomes, sclerotomes, and syndetomes. Among these, the myotomes give rise to muscle fibers.
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Overview of Skeletal Muscle01:15

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Skeletal muscles are composed of a bundle of muscle fibers and are attached to bones through tendons. Each skeletal muscle fiber is a single muscle cell. The sarcolemma, the plasma membrane of a skeletal muscle cell, consists of a lipid bilayer and glycocalyx that supports muscle fibers. The sarcolemma extends into the muscle cells to form tubular structures called transverse or T-tubules. Each side of the T-tubules consists of a membrane-bound structure called the sarcoplasmic reticulum,...
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Satellite Stem Cells and Muscular Dystrophy01:21

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Satellite stem cells or myosatellite cells are quiescent stem cells that Alexander Mauro first identified in 1961. These cells are located between the sarcolemma, the plasma membrane of muscle fibers, and the basal lamina, the connective tissue sheath covering it. These mononucleated cells are activated in response to muscle injury, can transform into myoblasts, and may form or repair muscle fibers. Myosatellite cells can provide additional myonuclei for muscle regeneration or return to a...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 10, 2025

Preparation and Culture of Myogenic Precursor Cells/Primary Myoblasts from Skeletal Muscle of Adult and Aged Humans
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Skeletal muscle transcriptome in healthy aging.

Robert A Tumasian1, Abhinav Harish1, Gautam Kundu1

  • 1National Institute on Aging-Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.

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|April 2, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Aging significantly alters gene expression in skeletal muscle, impacting cellular senescence, insulin signaling, and muscle repair. This study maps these age-related transcriptome changes in healthy adults.

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Aging Research
  • Genomics

Background:

  • Skeletal muscle undergoes age-associated changes, including damage accumulation and adaptive responses.
  • Understanding these molecular alterations is crucial for maintaining muscle integrity and function in aging individuals.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To comprehensively characterize age-related changes in the skeletal muscle transcriptome.
  • To identify specific RNA molecules and isoforms associated with aging in muscle tissue.

Main Methods:

  • RNA sequencing was performed on muscle biopsies from 53 healthy individuals aged 22-83 years.
  • Statistical models (linear and negative binomial regression) were used to analyze gene expression changes with age.
  • Analysis focused on 57,205 protein-coding and non-coding RNAs.

Main Results:

  • 1134 RNAs showed significant age-dependent changes in expression levels.
  • Differentially abundant mRNAs were linked to cellular senescence, insulin signaling, and myogenesis.
  • Specific mRNA isoforms were enriched for proteins involved in oxidative phosphorylation and adipogenesis.

Conclusions:

  • This study provides a detailed framework of the aging skeletal muscle transcriptome and its associated mRNA isoforms.
  • These findings offer insights into the molecular mechanisms governing muscle damage and homeostasis during aging.