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Updated: Nov 10, 2025

Subjective Refraction Test Using a Smartphone for Vision Screening
Published on: October 18, 2024
2020 Evaluation of Portable Vision Screening Instruments
Anuoluwapo Sopeyin1, Benjamin K Young1, Martha A Howard1
1Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
Abstract:
Amblyopia is the most common cause of preventable visual impairment in children and occurs as a result of unilateral or bilateral impairment in best-corrected visual acuity. Early diagnosis and proper treatment are crucial to prevent poor visual outcomes in adulthood. Advances in technology have provided more objective diagnostic tools, which can now be used by a wide range of healthcare providers. Here, we highlight tools that have gained popularity in the past two decades and compare clinically relevant parameters to guide primary care providers seeking to incorporate instrumental vision screening in pediatric patient care.

