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Updated: Nov 10, 2025
Porcine As a Training Module for Head and Neck Microvascular Reconstruction
Published on: September 29, 2018
Appearance-Related Distress and Social Functioning after Head and Neck Microvascular Reconstruction
Aaron L Zebolsky1, Edgar Ochoa2, Karam W Badran1
1Division of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of California - San Francisco, San Francisco, California, U.S.A.
Objectives/Hypothesis:
To better understand aesthetic patient-reported outcomes and psychosocial quality of life (QOL) after head and neck microvascular reconstruction for benign or malignant tumors.
Study Design:
Single-center prospectively obtained in-office validated questionnaire-based study.
Methods:
Analysis of prospectively collected surveys at a tertiary care academic center from June 2018 to February 2021. Patients completed two FACE-Q scales: Appearance-Related Psychosocial Distress (ARPD) and Social Function (SF). Survey scores, demographics, operative course, and adjuvant therapy data underwent univariate and multivariable analyses.
Results:
One hundred and three patients completed surveys at a median of 13.5 months postoperatively (interquartile range: 5.2-30.8). Mean ARPD from 0 (no distress) to 100 (maximum distress) was 32.4 (standard error of the mean [SEM]: 2.7). Mean SF from 0 (worst functioning) to 100 (best functioning) was 55.5 (SEM: 2.7). Postoperative adjuvant radiation was associated with 13.9% higher ARPD (95% CI: 3.4-24.4, P = .019) and 10.4% lower SF (95% CI: -20.7 to -0.1, P = .047). Each appearance-related question on the ARPD scale independently predicted impaired SF (P < .001 for all questions). Upon multivariable logistic regression, osteocutaneous reconstruction, compared to soft tissue alone (P = .043), and postoperative adjuvant radiation (P = .014) were associated with higher levels of ARPD. Age, sex, relationship status, anxiety or depression history, defect location, and hospital stay were not significantly associated with ARPD or SF scores.
Conclusions:
Aesthetic outcomes are important determinants of psychosocial QOL following head and neck microvascular reconstruction: an effect that is worsened by adjuvant radiation. Reconstructive surgeons should prioritize aesthetic outcomes, in addition to functional restoration, to optimize social functioning in patients with head and neck tumors.
Level Of Evidence:
3 Laryngoscope, 131:E2204-E2211, 2021.
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