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Related Concept Videos

Urine Studies II: Urine Culture and Sensitivity Test01:26

Urine Studies II: Urine Culture and Sensitivity Test

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A urine culture and sensitivity test is a diagnostic procedure used to identify urinary tract bacterial infections and determine the most effective antibiotics for treatment. This test is generally preferred when a patient shows manifestations of a urinary tract infection, such as frequent or painful urination, cloudy or foul-smelling urine, or lower abdominal pain.Purpose of the TestThe primary goals of a urine culture and sensitivity test are to:Determine the specific bacteria causing the...
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A healthcare provider can diagnose a urinary tract infection (UTI) through several methods:Medical History and Symptoms: The provider will take a detailed medical history and ask about symptoms such as frequent urination, burning sensation during urination, and lower abdominal pain.Urinalysis: A clean-catch urine sample is collected in a sterile container and tested for the presence of bacteria, white blood cells (leukocytes), nitrites, blood, and protein. The presence of leukocytes and...
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Direct methods for measuring microbial populations in a culture are essential tools in microbiology, providing quantitative data for various applications. Among these, microscopic counts, plate counts, and serial dilution are widely used techniques, each with unique principles and applications.Microscopic CountsMicroscopic counting involves the use of a Petroff-Hausser chamber, a specialized microscope slide with a grid and defined depth. By observing a liquid culture under a microscope,...
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Updated: Nov 10, 2025

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Urinary microbiota; Which non-ınvasive urine collection method should we use?

Muhammed Selcuk Ozer1, Huseyin Alperen Yildiz2, Canet Incir3

  • 1Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey.

International Journal of Clinical Practice
|April 2, 2021
PubMed
Summary

For urinary microbiota studies, both first voided and midstream urine samples are suitable. Analysis of 16S ribosomal RNA revealed no significant differences in bacterial composition between these collection methods.

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Area of Science:

  • Urology
  • Microbiology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Urinary tract infections and bladder cancer research increasingly focus on the urinary microbiome.
  • Standardized, non-invasive methods for urine sample collection are crucial for reliable microbiota analysis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the optimal non-invasive urine sample collection method for microbiota studies.
  • To compare the microbial composition of first voided versus midstream urine samples.

Main Methods:

  • Urine samples were collected from 12 men with bladder carcinoma using both first voided and midstream methods.
  • Bacterial 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing (V3-V4 regions) was performed.
  • Microbiota composition was analyzed at multiple taxonomic levels, with statistical comparison using the Wilcoxon test.

Main Results:

  • A diverse range of bacteria including 8 phyla, 14 classes, 23 orders, 39 families, and 29 genera were identified.
  • No statistically significant differences in overall bacterial groups were found between first voided and midstream samples.
  • Minor differences were observed only for Clostridiales (order) and Clostridia (class).

Conclusions:

  • Both first voided and midstream urine samples are appropriate for urinary microbiota studies.
  • The choice of collection method does not significantly impact 16S ribosomal RNA-based microbiota analysis results.