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In the absence of an external magnetic field, nuclear spin states are degenerate and randomly oriented. When a magnetic field is applied, the spins begin to precess and orient themselves along (lower energy) or against (higher energy) the direction of the field. At equilibrium, a slight excess population of spins exists in the lower energy state. Because the direction of the magnetic field is fixed as the z-axis,  the precessing magnetic moments are randomly oriented around the z-axis.
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Switchable X-Ray Orbital Angular Momentum from an Artificial Spin Ice.

Justin S Woods1,2, Xiaoqian M Chen3,4, Rajesh V Chopdekar3

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This summary is machine-generated.

Artificial spin ices with topological defects can impart orbital angular momentum (OAM) to X-rays. This discovery enables reconfigurable X-ray optics for probing magnetic properties.

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Area of Science:

  • Condensed Matter Physics
  • Materials Science
  • Optics

Background:

  • Artificial spin ices (ASI) are magnetic metamaterials whose properties depend on geometry.
  • X-ray photon orbital angular momentum (OAM) is an area of growing research interest.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate if ASI with topological defects can impart OAM to scattered X-rays.
  • To explore the potential of ASI as reconfigurable X-ray optics.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of a square ASI with a double edge dislocation.
  • X-ray diffraction experiments to analyze scattered photons.
  • Investigation of magnetic transitions under varying temperature and magnetic field.

Main Results:

  • A double edge dislocation in ASI imparts OAM to scattered X-rays.
  • The ASI equilibrates to an antiferromagnetic (AFM) ground state without magnetic frustration.
  • X-ray diffraction yields photons with even and odd OAM at structural and AFM Bragg conditions, respectively.
  • AFM OAM beams can be switched on/off via temperature and magnetic field variations.

Conclusions:

  • ASIs with specific topological defects act as metasurfaces for X-ray optics.
  • This technology allows for selective probing of electronic and magnetic properties.
  • The OAM of X-rays can be controlled by the ASI's magnetic state.