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Related Concept Videos

Necrosis01:16

Necrosis

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Necrosis is considered as an “accidental” or unexpected form of cell death that ends in cell lysis. The first noticeable mention of “necrosis” was in 1859 when Rudolf Virchow used this term to describe advanced tissue breakdown in his compilation titled “Cell Pathology”.
Morphological Manifestations of Necrosis
Necrotic cells show different types of morphological appearance depending on the type of tissue and infection. In coagulative necrosis, cells become...
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Cell Motility through Blebbing01:16

Cell Motility through Blebbing

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Blebs are a type of membrane protrusion formed by the internal hydrostatic pressure of the cytoplasm. Blebs are observed in several cell types, including fibroblasts, immune cells, and single-celled organisms like the amoeba. The primary function of blebs is cell locomotion and apoptosis, but they are also found during necrosis and cell division. The life cycle of a bleb comprises an initiation phase followed by the expansion and retraction phases.
Blebbing Through the Matrix
In multicellular...
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Phagocytosis of Apoptotic Cells01:17

Phagocytosis of Apoptotic Cells

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Cells undergoing apoptosis form apoptotic bodies that must be removed immediately to prevent inflammation, autoimmune diseases, and necrosis. Phagocytosis is carried out by professional phagocytes such as macrophages or  immature dendritic cells. Non-professional phagocytes such as  epithelial cells and fibroblasts also take part in this process; however, they are not as effective as professional phagocytes. 
Normal cells contain receptors that prevent them from being recognized...
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The Intrinsic Apoptotic Pathway01:31

The Intrinsic Apoptotic Pathway

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Internal cellular stress, such as cellular injury or hypoxia, triggers intrinsic apoptosis. The B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) family of proteins are the primary regulators of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. For example, during DNA damage, checkpoint proteins, such as Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated (ATM protein) and Checkpoints Factor-2 (Chk2) proteins, are activated. These proteins phosphorylate p53 which further activates pro-apoptotic proteins, such as Bax, Bak, PUMA, and Noxa, and inhibits...
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The Contractile Ring02:15

The Contractile Ring

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Contractile rings are composed of microfilaments and are responsible for separating the daughter cells during cytokinesis. Contractile ring assembly proceeds along with other cell cycle events; however, very few mechanistic details are known about the timing and coordination of the contractile rings with the cell cycle.
A small GTPase, RhoA, controls the function and assembly of the contractile ring. RhoA belongs to the Ras superfamily of proteins. The activation of formins by RhoA promotes...
6.7K
The Extrinsic Apoptotic Pathway01:17

The Extrinsic Apoptotic Pathway

7.1K
The extrinsic apoptotic pathway is initiated when extracellular death-inducing signals, such as specific cytokines, activate the death receptors expressed on the cell surface. The immune cells involved in this pathway are natural killer cells (NK cells) and cytotoxic T-lymphocytes. NK cells are critical in innate immune response, while cytotoxic T-lymphocytes are associated with adaptive immune response. These cells recognize specific receptors expressed on the altered cells and activate...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 10, 2025

Characterization of MLKL-mediated Plasma Membrane Rupture in Necroptosis
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Characterization of MLKL-mediated Plasma Membrane Rupture in Necroptosis

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NINJ1, rupturing swollen membranes for cataclysmic cell lysis.

Yupeng Wang1, Feng Shao1

  • 1National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China.

Molecular Cell
|April 2, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Researchers identified NINJ1, a protein crucial for programmed cell death. NINJ1 triggers plasma membrane rupture, a process previously believed to be passive, offering new insights into cell death mechanisms.

Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Immunology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Programmed cell death (PCD) is a fundamental biological process.
  • The final stages of PCD, particularly plasma membrane integrity, are not fully understood.
  • Previous research suggested plasma membrane rupture during PCD was a passive event.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify molecular mediators of plasma membrane rupture during programmed cell death.
  • To investigate the mechanisms underlying the final stages of cell demise.

Main Methods:

  • Forward-genetic screening in macrophages from randomly mutagenized mice.
  • Analysis of cellular events following various forms of programmed cell death.

Main Results:

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High-throughput Measurement of Plasma Membrane Resealing Efficiency in Mammalian Cells
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Last Updated: Nov 10, 2025

Characterization of MLKL-mediated Plasma Membrane Rupture in Necroptosis
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Characterization of MLKL-mediated Plasma Membrane Rupture in Necroptosis

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Live Imaging Assay for Assessing the Roles of Ca2+ and Sphingomyelinase in the Repair of Pore-forming Toxin Wounds
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  • Identification of NINJ1 (Ninjurin 1) as a key mediator of plasma membrane rupture.
  • Demonstration that NINJ1 actively drives membrane rupture in multiple PCD pathways.
  • NINJ1's role challenges the notion of passive membrane disintegration.

Conclusions:

  • NINJ1 is a critical effector of plasma membrane rupture in programmed cell death.
  • This finding reveals an active, regulated mechanism in the terminal phase of cell death.
  • The discovery of NINJ1 opens new avenues for understanding and potentially manipulating cell death processes.