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Related Concept Videos

Centrioles and Centrosomes01:13

Centrioles and Centrosomes

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Most animal cells comprise a pair of centrioles together called a centrosome. The cell duplicates its centrosome and contains two centrosomes side-by-side, which begin to move apart during the prophase. As the centrosomes migrate to two different sides of the cell, microtubules start extending from each centrosome toward the other end. The mitotic spindle is composed of the centrosomes and their emerging microtubules.
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Microtubules are thick hollow cylindrical proteins that help form the cytoskeleton. Microtubules have varied roles in the cell. These filaments help form cellular appendages like cilia and flagella, which are responsible for locomotion. The cilia arise from basal bodies, separated from the main body by a membrane-like structure forming the transition zone. This zone is the gate for the entry of lipids and proteins, creating a unique composition of lipids and proteins in the ciliary membrane and...
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The primary microtubule organizing center (MTOC) in animal cells is the centrosome. A centrosome has two cylindrical centrioles at its core. Each centriole consists of nine sets of three microtubules held together by proteins. The centrioles are positioned at right angles to each other and surrounded by a shapeless protein cloud called the pericentriolar matrix, or pericentriolar material (PCM).
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Histone variants are the histone proteins with structural and sequence variations. These variants may be regarded as “mutant” forms that replace their canonical histone counterparts in the nucleosomes. Specific post-translational modifications on the histone variants enable further chromatin complexity and regulate tissue-specific gene expression. The most common histone variants are from histone H2A, H2B, and linker histone H1 families. However, several variants of histone H3...
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The primary cilium, made up of microtubules, acts as antennae on the cell surfaces for relaying external stimuli into the cells. These fine hair-like structures are present, generally one per cell. These are non-motile cilia in a 9+0 microtubules arrangement, where the central pair of microtubules are absent. The primary cilia arise from the basal body embedded in the cell membrane. Intraflagellar transport (IFT) carries requisite proteins from the cytoplasm to the cilium because the primary...
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Mechanism of Ciliary Motion

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The ciliary structures were first seen in 1647 by Antonie Leeuwenhoek while observing the protozoans. In lower organisms, these appendages are responsible for cell movement, while in higher organisms, these appendages help in the movement of the extracellular fluids within the body cavities.
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An acentriolar centrosome at the C. elegans ciliary base.

Joachim Garbrecht1, Triin Laos1, Elisabeth Holzer2

  • 1Max Perutz Labs, University of Vienna, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Dr Bohr-Gasse 9, A-1030 Vienna, Austria; Vienna BioCenter PhD Program, Doctoral School of the University of Vienna and Medical University of Vienna.

Current Biology : CB
|April 2, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Centrosomes in C. elegans neurons assemble pericentriolar material (PCM) without centrioles, using distinct mechanisms from mitotic centrosomes. This non-mitotic PCM assembly is crucial for neuronal function and ciliogenesis.

Keywords:
C. elegansPCMPCMD-1PLK-1SPD-5centriolescentrosomesciliaciliogenesis

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Cytoskeleton Dynamics
  • Neuronal Development

Background:

  • Centrosomes coordinate microtubule cytoskeleton functions via pericentriolar material (PCM).
  • Mitotic PCM assembly involves SPD-2, PLK-1, SPD-5, and CNN for scaffold expansion.
  • Mechanisms of PCM assembly in interphase or differentiated cells are not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate novel, non-centriole-based centrosomes at the ciliary base of C. elegans sensory neurons.
  • Determine the roles of these unique centrosomes in neuronal morphogenesis, trafficking, and ciliogenesis.
  • Elucidate the molecular mechanisms governing PCM assembly in these non-mitotic centrosomes.

Main Methods:

  • Characterization of C. elegans sensory neuron centrosomes.
  • Analysis of protein localization and interactions (SPD-5, DAF-19, PCMD-1).
  • Investigation of PCM assembly in the absence of canonical mitotic regulators (SPD-2, AIR-1, PLK-1).

Main Results:

  • C. elegans neuronal centrosomes lack centrioles but possess dynamic PCM scaffolds.
  • PCM assembly persists in differentiated neurons, involving SPD-5 regulated by DAF-19.
  • Non-mitotic PCM assembly requires PCMD-1 tethering and occurs independently of PLK-1 phosphorylation.

Conclusions:

  • Distinct mechanisms govern mitotic and non-mitotic PCM assembly.
  • Non-centriole-based centrosomes in neurons utilize unique pathways for PCM organization.
  • PCMD-1 is essential for tethering and non-mitotic PCM assembly, highlighting its role beyond early embryonic development.