Leverage points for addressing marine and coastal pollution: A review

Area of Science:

• Environmental Science
• Marine Biology
• Social Science

Background:

• Marine pollution remains a significant global challenge despite growing awareness.
• Current human activities follow an unsustainable path regarding ocean health.

Purpose of the Study:

• To identify and classify scientific studies and interventions for coastal and marine pollution.
• To analyze research trends and intervention strategies using a systems-oriented approach.

Main Methods:

• Systematic review of 2417 scientific papers published between 2000 and 2018.
• In-depth analysis of 741 selected papers.
• Application of the 'leverage points' concept for classifying interventions.

Main Results:

• Most studies address marine pollution as a technical problem, not a social-ecological one.
• Fewer studies explore interventions targeting deeper systemic drivers of pollution.
• Research predominantly focuses on immediate solutions rather than root causes.

Conclusions:

• Technical solutions for marine pollution are important but insufficient.
• There is a critical need to investigate and address underlying drivers such as institutions and values.
• Shifting focus to systemic, social-ecological aspects is essential for altering pollution trajectories.