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Related Concept Videos

Additives and Fillers in Concrete01:29

Additives and Fillers in Concrete

192
Additives and fillers are integral to enhancing the properties of concrete. Pozzolans and blast-furnace slag are additives or admixtures due to their reactions with calcium hydroxide released during cement hydration. Fillers, which are finely ground and similar in fineness to Portland cement, improve concrete attributes such as workability density, and reduce capillary bleeding or cracking. Some fillers possess hydraulic properties or participate in benign reactions within the cement paste.
The...
192
Hydration of Cement01:24

Hydration of Cement

496
Hydration of cement is a chemical reaction between cement particles and water. This process occurs primarily through two mechanisms: through-solution and topochemical. In the through-solution process, anhydrous compounds dissolve into their constituents, hydrates form in the solution, and then precipitate from the supersaturated solution. The topochemical process involves solid-state reactions at the cement particle surface. The through-solution process dominates the topochemical process at the...
496
Pozzolans01:21

Pozzolans

288
Pozzolans are siliceous or aluminous materials blended with Portland cement. They interact with the calcium hydroxide produced during the hydration of Portland cement and contribute to improved strength and durability of concrete. The pozzolanic activity, a measure of a pozzolan's effectiveness, is typically assessed using the strength activity index, as defined in ASTM C 618-93, which calculates the ratio of the compressive strength of cement mixtures with and without pozzolan.
Fly ash is...
288
Porosity in Cement Paste01:18

Porosity in Cement Paste

303
The porosity of concrete is a measure of the void spaces within its structure. These spaces impact its strength and durability significantly. When water and cement interact, a chemical reaction called hydration creates a semi-solid paste. This paste includes combined water, making up approximately 23% of the cement's dry mass, and gel water, which fills minuscule voids known as gel pores, accounting for about 28% of the cement gel volume.
The balance of water to cement in the mix is...
303
Fiber Reinforced Concrete01:22

Fiber Reinforced Concrete

190
Fiber-reinforced concrete significantly enhances the structural and nonstructural properties of traditional concrete by incorporating fibers like steel, glass, and polymers. These fibers, varying from natural ones such as sisal and cellulose to manufactured ones like polypropylene and Kevlar, are mixed into hydraulic cement with aggregates. Steel fibers, often preferred for their robustness, contribute to improved ductility, toughness, and post-cracking performance. The concrete is classified...
190
Portland Cement01:21

Portland Cement

378
Portland cement is the essential binding ingredient in concrete, made from finely ground materials including lime, iron, silica, and alumina. Lime is derived primarily from limestone, marble, marl, seashells, and clays, which also supply iron and alumina, while silica is sourced from sand, chalk, and bauxite. Contemporary manufacturing of Portland cement is a significant source of carbon dioxide emissions, prompting research into reducing its content in concrete through alternative...
378

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RETRACTED: Sabir et al. DNA Based and Stimuli-Responsive Smart Nanocarrier for Diagnosis and Treatment of Cancer: Applications and Challenges. <i>Cancers</i> 2021, <i>13</i>, 3396.

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Updated: Nov 10, 2025

Application of a Coupling Agent to Improve the Dielectric Properties of Polymer-Based Nanocomposites
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Nanomaterials in Cementitious Composites: An Update.

Zoi S Metaxa1, Athanasia K Tolkou2, Stefania Efstathiou1

  • 1Department of Chemistry, International Hellenic University, GR-654 04 Kavala, Greece.

Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)
|April 3, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Adding nanomaterials like carbon nanotubes and nanosilica to cementitious composites significantly enhances their physical and mechanical properties. This nanotechnology reinforces the nanoscale, improving strength and durability beyond traditional methods.

Keywords:
cementitious nano-compositesmechanical propertiesnanomaterials

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Civil Engineering
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Cementitious composites possess a complex nanostructure with nanoporosity.
  • Traditional macro- and micro-scale reinforcement is ineffective at this level.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the advancements in using nanomaterials to enhance cementitious composites.
  • To highlight the benefits of nanoscale reinforcement.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on nanomaterial incorporation in cement.
  • Analysis of the effects of various nanomaterials on composite properties.

Main Results:

  • Common nanomaterials include carbon nanotubes, nanocellulose, graphene, nanosilica, and nanoTiO2.
  • These materials improve compressive strength, tensile strength, hydration, porosity, and fire resistance.

Conclusions:

  • Nanomaterials offer effective reinforcement at the nanoscale for cementitious matrices.
  • This leads to superior performance compared to conventional methods.