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Related Concept Videos

Cohesins02:20

Cohesins

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Cohesin protein complexes are a molecular glue that holds two sister chromatids together. They play an important role both in mitosis and meiosis. In mitosis, all cohesin complexes present on the chromosomes are removed before the start of the anaphase stage.
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Condensins are large protein complexes that use ATP to fuel the assembly of chromosomes during mitosis. They transform the tangled, shapeless mass of post-interphase DNA into individualized chromosomes by compacting, organizing, and segregating chromosomal DNA.
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The basic reaction of homologous recombination (HR) involves two chromatids that contain DNA sequences sharing a significant stretch of identity. One of these sequences uses a strand from another as a template to synthesize DNA in an enzyme-catalyzed reaction. The final product is a novel amalgamation of the two substrates. To ensure an accurate recombination of sequences, HR is restricted to the S and G2 phases of the cell cycle. At these stages, the DNA has been replicated already and the...
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As cells progress into mitosis, the nuclear envelope breaks down, and the condensed chromosomes are exposed to the array of bipolar microtubules of the mitotic spindle. The kinetochore, a large, disc-shaped protein complex, is present at the centromere region of the sister chromatids and acts as a binding site for the microtubules.  Usually, the plus-end of a single microtubule is embedded within the kinetochore. However, some kinetochores first establish lateral contact with the side-wall...
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Replication in Eukaryotes01:29

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In eukaryotic cells, DNA replication is highly conserved and tightly regulated. Multiple linear chromosomes must be duplicated with high fidelity before cell division, so there are many proteins that fulfill specialized roles in the replication process. Replication occurs in three phases: initiation, elongation, and termination, and ends with two complete sets of chromosomes in the nucleus.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 10, 2025

Using Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization FISH to Monitor the State of Arm Cohesion in Prometaphase and Metaphase I Drosophila Oocytes
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Functional Coupling between DNA Replication and Sister Chromatid Cohesion Establishment.

Ana Boavida1, Diana Santos1, Mohammad Mahtab1,2

  • 1Istituto di Biochimica e Biologia Cellulare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via P. Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy.

International Journal of Molecular Sciences
|April 3, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

DNA replication and sister chromatid cohesion are tightly linked in eukaryotic cells. This review explores how DNA replication factors and cohesin acetylation are crucial for establishing cohesion, preventing aneuploidy.

Keywords:
DNA replicationcell cyclecohesinreplication proteinssister chromatid cohesion

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Detection of Homologous Recombination Intermediates via Proximity Ligation and Quantitative PCR in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Cell Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Sister chromatid cohesion, mediated by the cohesin complex, is essential for accurate chromosome segregation in eukaryotic cells.
  • Cohesin, a ring-like protein complex, is loaded onto chromatin and established during the S phase of the cell cycle.
  • A functional link between DNA replication and cohesion establishment is increasingly recognized, yet remains incompletely understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current understanding of the molecular mechanisms connecting DNA replication and sister chromatid cohesion establishment in eukaryotes.
  • To highlight the roles of DNA replication factors and cohesin acetylation in this process.
  • To discuss the implications of cohesion defects in chromosome mis-segregation and aneuploidy.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies investigating the interplay between DNA replication and cohesin.
  • Analysis of research on cohesin loading, establishment, and acetylation.
  • Examination of phenotypes resulting from defects in DNA replication or cohesion.

Main Results:

  • Down-regulation of DNA replication factors impairs cohesion establishment, indicating their critical roles.
  • Loss of cohesin subunits affects DNA replication fork dynamics.
  • Cohesin acetylation by specific enzymes at replication forks is a key step in cohesion establishment.

Conclusions:

  • The functional link between DNA replication and cohesion establishment is a vital, eukaryotic-specific process.
  • Defects in this link can lead to chromosome mis-segregation and aneuploidy, common in cancer.
  • Further research into these molecular mechanisms is warranted.