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Related Concept Videos

Seizures: Classification01:13

Seizures: Classification

893
Epilepsy is primarily characterized by unpredictable seizures, either provoked by an identifiable factor, such as injury or illness, or unprovoked, occurring spontaneously without apparent cause.
Seizures are typically classified into two main categories: focal and generalized seizures.
Focal Seizures
Focal seizures originate from specific regions of the brain. These seizures are further sub-classified into two types:
893
Epilepsy and Seizures: Overview01:24

Epilepsy and Seizures: Overview

792
Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disease marked by recurrent, unpredictable seizures. These seizures are caused by abnormal electrical discharges in the brain, leading to behavior, sensation, or consciousness alterations. They can also cause transient impairment of awareness, interfering with daily activities.
Various factors can trigger epilepsy, including genetic factors, brain damage, metabolic causes, and unknown etiology. Diagnosis of epilepsy involves electroencephalography (EEG), which...
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Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Overview and Drug Absorption01:23

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Overview and Drug Absorption

82
Understanding the physiological differences in the pediatric population is crucial for effective pharmacotherapy. Neonates, infants, and children exhibit significant variations in gastric pH, gastric emptying time, intestinal transit time, and biliary function. These variations profoundly affect oral drug absorption, necessitating a nuanced approach to pediatric dosing.Neonates present with a unique physiological profile, having a gastric pH greater than 4 and faster and more irregular gastric...
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Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Metabolism01:24

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Metabolism

80
In pediatric care, understanding the nuances of hepatic drug metabolism is crucial, as it significantly differs from that of adults. This divergence is primarily due to the developmental stage of drug-metabolizing enzymes, which affects how medications are processed in the body. In neonates, for instance, the activity of Phase I enzymes—critical for the initial breakdown of drugs—is markedly reduced, functioning at just 20–40% of the levels seen in adults. This reduction poses...
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Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Excretion01:26

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Excretion

76
In pediatric medicine, understanding the renal function and drug elimination nuances is crucial for administering safe and effective treatments. Newborns, in particular, display markedly slower renal functions than adults, profoundly affecting how drugs are cleared from their bodies. This slower drug clearance requires clinicians to extend the dosing intervals for many medications to prevent drug accumulation and toxicity while ensuring therapeutic efficacy.One key area where these adjustments...
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3D-Neuronavigation In Vivo Through a Patient's Brain During a Spontaneous Migraine Headache
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Pediatric Episodic Migraine with Aura: A Unique Entity?

Hannah F J Shapiro1, Alyssa Lebel2

  • 1Department of Child Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.

Children (Basel, Switzerland)
|April 3, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Migraine with aura (MA) in children and adolescents presents unique challenges. This review details its distinct features and treatment considerations compared to migraine without aura (MO).

Keywords:
brainstem aurahemiplegic migrainemigrainemigraine with aurapediatric migraineretinal migraine

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Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Neurology
  • Headache Medicine
  • Clinical Neuroscience

Background:

  • Migraine headache is a significant cause of pain, disability, and missed school days in children and adolescents.
  • Approximately one-third of pediatric migraine patients experience migraine with aura (MA).
  • MA is often studied alongside migraine without aura (MO), potentially obscuring unique aspects of MA.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and highlight current evidence on the unique aspects of pediatric migraine with aura (MA).
  • To differentiate MA from MO regarding pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, comorbidities, and treatment.

Main Methods:

  • Comprehensive literature review of existing studies on pediatric migraine with aura.
  • Analysis of evidence differentiating MA from MO in pediatric populations.
  • Synthesis of data on pathophysiology, clinical characteristics, differential diagnosis, comorbidities, and treatment responses.

Main Results:

  • Evidence suggests unique pathophysiological mechanisms for MA in pediatric patients.
  • Clinical characteristics, diagnostic approaches, and associated comorbidities may differ between MA and MO.
  • Treatment recommendations and responses may require specific considerations for pediatric MA.

Conclusions:

  • Pediatric migraine with aura (MA) possesses distinct features warranting specific attention.
  • Stratification of patients with MA is crucial for accurate diagnosis and tailored treatment.
  • Further research is needed to fully elucidate and manage pediatric MA effectively.