Related Experiment Video
Updated: Nov 10, 2025
07:29
Intramucosal Inoculation of Squamous Cell Carcinoma Cells in Mice for Tumor Immune Profiling and Treatment Response Assessment
Published on: April 22, 2019
11.9K
Immune Checkpoints Pathways in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Florencia Veigas1, Yamil D Mahmoud1, Joaquin Merlo1
1Laboratorio de Inmuno Oncología Traslacional, Instituto of Biología y Medicina Experimental, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires C1428ADN, Argentina.
Cancers
|April 3, 2021
Summary
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) involves complex immune interactions. Identifying biomarkers is crucial for improving immunotherapy response rates in patients.
Area of Science:
- Oncology
- Immunology
Background:
- Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is often diagnosed late with poor outcomes.
- Tobacco, alcohol, and HPV are key risk factors.
- The tumor microenvironment suppresses anti-cancer immunity.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review the role of the immune system in HNSCC.
- To discuss immune checkpoint pathways and their therapeutic implications.
- To highlight predictive biomarkers for immunotherapy response.
Main Methods:
- Literature review of HNSCC immunology.
- Analysis of immune checkpoint inhibitors in HNSCC treatment.
- Examination of biomarkers for predicting treatment efficacy.
Main Results:
- The immune system significantly influences HNSCC development and progression.
- Immune checkpoint pathways are critical targets for novel therapies.
- Limited response rates necessitate biomarker discovery.
Conclusions:
- Understanding immune regulation in HNSCC is vital for advancing treatment.
- Biomarkers are essential for personalizing immunotherapy strategies.
- Future research should focus on optimizing immunotherapeutic approaches and identifying predictive markers.
More Related Videos
Related Concept Videos
01:27Tumor Immunotherapy
818
Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
818
01:31The Intrinsic Apoptotic Pathway
7.3K
Internal cellular stress, such as cellular injury or hypoxia, triggers intrinsic apoptosis. The B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) family of proteins are the primary regulators of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. For example, during DNA damage, checkpoint proteins, such as Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated (ATM protein) and Checkpoints Factor-2 (Chk2) proteins, are activated. These proteins phosphorylate p53 which further activates pro-apoptotic proteins, such as Bax, Bak, PUMA, and Noxa, and inhibits...
7.3K
01:27Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response
5.8K
Cytotoxic T cells are a vital component of the immune system. They have the remarkable ability to identify and target antigens on infected or abnormal cells. These antigens often originate from intracellular pathogens such as viruses or abnormal proteins cancer cells produce.
Immunological surveillance is the ability of immune cells to monitor and eliminate infected cells with intracellular pathogens, neoplastically transformed cells, and cells with non-self antigens. Cytotoxic T cells and NK...
Immunological surveillance is the ability of immune cells to monitor and eliminate infected cells with intracellular pathogens, neoplastically transformed cells, and cells with non-self antigens. Cytotoxic T cells and NK...
5.8K
02:53Adaptive Mechanisms in Cancer Cells
6.1K
Cancer cells accumulate genetic changes at an abnormally rapid rate due to the defects in the DNA repair mechanisms. From an evolutionary perspective, such genetic instability is advantageous for cancer development. Mutant cell lines accumulate a series of beneficial mutations that contribute to their progression into cancer.
Some of the advantages that cancer cells have on normal cells include - enhanced ability to divide without terminally differentiating, induce new blood vessel formation,...
Some of the advantages that cancer cells have on normal cells include - enhanced ability to divide without terminally differentiating, induce new blood vessel formation,...
6.1K
01:05Cancer-Critical Genes II: Tumor Suppressor Genes
8.5K
Genes usually encode proteins necessary for the proper functioning of a healthy cell. Mutations can often cause changes to the gene expression pattern, thereby altering the phenotype.
When the function of certain critical genes, especially those involved in cell cycle regulation and cell growth signaling cascades, gets disrupted, it upsets the cell cycle progression. Such cells with unchecked cell cycles start proliferating uncontrollably and eventually develop into tumors.
Such genes that act...
When the function of certain critical genes, especially those involved in cell cycle regulation and cell growth signaling cascades, gets disrupted, it upsets the cell cycle progression. Such cells with unchecked cell cycles start proliferating uncontrollably and eventually develop into tumors.
Such genes that act...
8.5K
01:17The Extrinsic Apoptotic Pathway
7.1K
The extrinsic apoptotic pathway is initiated when extracellular death-inducing signals, such as specific cytokines, activate the death receptors expressed on the cell surface. The immune cells involved in this pathway are natural killer cells (NK cells) and cytotoxic T-lymphocytes. NK cells are critical in innate immune response, while cytotoxic T-lymphocytes are associated with adaptive immune response. These cells recognize specific receptors expressed on the altered cells and activate...
7.1K