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Related Concept Videos

Overview of Cell Death01:30

Overview of Cell Death

8.3K
Cell death is an essential process where the body gets rid of old or damaged cells. Cell proliferation and death need to be balanced, as an imbalance between the two may lead to cancer or autoimmune diseases.
Cell death was observed in the early 19th century, but there was no experimental evidence to prove it. In 1842, Carl Vogt first discovered cell death in a metamorphic toad; however, it was not termed ‘cell death.’ Scientists discovered different cell death pathways only in the...
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Autophagic Cell Death01:18

Autophagic Cell Death

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Christian de Duve discovered “autophagy,” a process in which cellular components are engulfed by membrane-bound organelles called autophagosomes. The autophagosomes then fuse with lysosomes to digest the enclosed contents. Autophagy is generally activated in cells to prevent cell death. However, cell death is triggered when the damage is beyond repair.
Autophagy and Apoptosis
Autophagy can activate apoptosis. In normal conditions, the autophagy activating protein Beclin-1 and...
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Apoptosis01:30

Apoptosis

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Apoptosis is a combination of two Greek words, 'apo' and 'ptosis,' meaning separation and falling off, respectively. Hippocrates used this word to describe gangrene, which was caused due to bandaging of fractured bones. Apoptosis was distinguished from necrosis in 1970 when John Kerr reported observations of morphological changes occurring during apoptosis. During one experiment, he observed that the disruption of blood supply to the liver tissue resulted in a size...
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The Extrinsic Apoptotic Pathway01:17

The Extrinsic Apoptotic Pathway

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The extrinsic apoptotic pathway is initiated when extracellular death-inducing signals, such as specific cytokines, activate the death receptors expressed on the cell surface. The immune cells involved in this pathway are natural killer cells (NK cells) and cytotoxic T-lymphocytes. NK cells are critical in innate immune response, while cytotoxic T-lymphocytes are associated with adaptive immune response. These cells recognize specific receptors expressed on the altered cells and activate...
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Necrosis01:16

Necrosis

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Necrosis is considered as an “accidental” or unexpected form of cell death that ends in cell lysis. The first noticeable mention of “necrosis” was in 1859 when Rudolf Virchow used this term to describe advanced tissue breakdown in his compilation titled “Cell Pathology”.
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Necrotic cells show different types of morphological appearance depending on the type of tissue and infection. In coagulative necrosis, cells become...
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The Intrinsic Apoptotic Pathway01:31

The Intrinsic Apoptotic Pathway

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Internal cellular stress, such as cellular injury or hypoxia, triggers intrinsic apoptosis. The B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) family of proteins are the primary regulators of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. For example, during DNA damage, checkpoint proteins, such as Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated (ATM protein) and Checkpoints Factor-2 (Chk2) proteins, are activated. These proteins phosphorylate p53 which further activates pro-apoptotic proteins, such as Bax, Bak, PUMA, and Noxa, and inhibits...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 10, 2025

Author Spotlight: A Streamlined Approach to Studying Cell Death Initiation in Hypersensitive Response
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Author Spotlight: A Streamlined Approach to Studying Cell Death Initiation in Hypersensitive Response

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Fungal-Induced Programmed Cell Death.

Thomas J Williams1, Luis E Gonzales-Huerta1, Darius Armstrong-James1

  • 1Medical Research Council Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, 14 Armstrong Rd, South Kensington, London SW7 2DD, UK.

Journal of Fungi (Basel, Switzerland)
|April 3, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Fungal infections cause significant illness and death. This study explores how fungi like Candida albicans induce programmed cell death to survive and infect the host, impacting immunity and treatment strategies.

Keywords:
apoptosisextracellular trapsnecroptosispathogenic fungiprogrammed cell deathpyroptosis

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Evaluation of Caspase Activation to Assess Innate Immune Cell Death
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Evaluation of Caspase Activation to Assess Innate Immune Cell Death

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Area of Science:

  • Medical Mycology
  • Immunology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Fungal infections pose a significant global health burden with high mortality rates despite existing treatments.
  • Understanding fungal pathogenicity mechanisms is crucial for developing novel therapeutic strategies.
  • Programmed cell death (PCD) is a key cellular process with implications for host immunity and infection outcomes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review how common opportunistic fungal pathogens induce programmed cell death.
  • To elucidate the role of PCD in antifungal immunity.
  • To explore fungal strategies for manipulating host cell death pathways.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and synthesis of existing research on fungal-induced PCD.
  • Analysis of mechanisms employed by Candida albicans, Aspergillus fumigatus, and Cryptococcus neoformans.
  • Discussion of the interplay between fungal PCD induction and host immune responses.

Main Results:

  • Fungi actively induce PCD in host cells as a survival and virulence mechanism.
  • Fungal manipulation of PCD pathways influences the host immune response and infection resolution.
  • Specific fungal species employ distinct strategies to exploit or evade host cell death.

Conclusions:

  • Targeting fungal-induced PCD pathways presents a promising avenue for novel antifungal therapies.
  • Further research into fungal pathogenicity mechanisms, particularly PCD, is essential.
  • A deeper understanding of host-fungus interactions at the cellular level can improve clinical outcomes.