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Related Concept Videos

Osmosis and Osmotic Pressure of Solutions02:40

Osmosis and Osmotic Pressure of Solutions

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A number of natural and synthetic materials exhibit selective permeation, meaning that only molecules or ions of a certain size, shape, polarity, charge, and so forth, are capable of passing through (permeating) the material. Biological cell membranes provide elegant examples of selective permeation in nature, while dialysis tubing used to remove metabolic wastes from blood is a more simplistic technological example. Regardless of how they may be fabricated, these materials are generally...
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Osmosis01:30

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Osmosis is the movement of free water molecules through a semipermeable membrane.  The water's concentration gradient across the membrane is inversely proportional to the solutes' concentration. Whereas diffusion transports material across membranes and within cells, osmosis transports only water across a membrane, and the membrane limits the diffusion of solutes in the water. Osmosis is a special case of diffusion.
Water, like other substances, moves from a high concentration of...
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Osmosis00:47

Osmosis

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Approximately 60% to 95% of the weight of living organisms is attributed to water. Therefore, maintaining appropriate water balance within cells is of paramount importance. Osmosis is the movement of water across a semipermeable membrane, such as a cell’s plasma membrane. In living organisms, water plays a crucial role as a solvent—a molecule that dissolves other molecules.
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When cells are placed in a hypotonic (low-salt) fluid, they can swell and burst. Meanwhile, cells in a hypertonic solution—with a higher salt concentration—can shrivel and die. How do fish cells avoid these gruesome fates in hypotonic freshwater or hypertonic seawater environments?
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What Are Osmoregulation and Excretion?02:12

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Organisms must keep bodily fluids at a constant temperature and pH while maintaining specific solute concentrations in order to support life functions. Osmoregulation is the process that balances solute and water levels.
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In a galvanic cell, the electrical work is done by a redox system on its surroundings as electrons produced by the spontaneous redox reactions are transferred through an external circuit. Alternatively, an external circuit does work on a redox system by imposing a voltage sufficient to drive an otherwise nonspontaneous reaction in a process known as electrolysis. For instance, recharging a battery involves the use of an external power source to drive the spontaneous (discharge) cell reaction in...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 10, 2025

Ion-Exchange Membranes for the Fabrication of Reverse Electrodialysis Device
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Seawater Reverse Osmosis Desalination.

Masaru Kurihara1

  • 1Toray Industries, Inc., 3-2-1 Sonoyama, Otsu-Shi 520-0842, Shiga, Japan.

Membranes
|April 3, 2021
PubMed
Summary

This special issue focuses on advancements in seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO) desalination technologies. It highlights key research and reviews contributing to efficient and sustainable water purification solutions.

Area of Science:

  • Water treatment technologies
  • Environmental engineering
  • Chemical engineering

Background:

  • Seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO) is a critical technology for addressing global water scarcity.
  • The increasing demand for freshwater necessitates continuous innovation in desalination processes.
  • This special issue compiles recent research on SWRO to advance the field.

Discussion:

  • Explores novel membrane materials and configurations for enhanced SWRO performance.
  • Addresses energy efficiency improvements and cost reduction strategies in SWRO plants.
  • Examines the environmental impact and sustainability of large-scale desalination operations.

Key Insights:

  • Recent breakthroughs in membrane technology are improving water recovery rates and reducing fouling.

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An Efficient Method for Selective Desalination of Radioactive Iodine Anions by Using Gold Nanoparticles-Embedded Membrane Filter
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  • Innovative energy recovery systems are significantly lowering the operational costs of SWRO.
  • Life cycle assessments provide crucial data for sustainable desalination practices.

    • Outlook:

    • Future research will likely focus on hybrid systems and renewable energy integration for SWRO.
    • Developing more resilient and cost-effective desalination solutions is paramount.
    • Continued exploration of advanced materials and process optimization will drive the future of SWRO.