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Related Concept Videos

Tumor Immunotherapy01:27

Tumor Immunotherapy

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Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
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Targeted Cancer Therapies02:57

Targeted Cancer Therapies

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The targeted cancer therapies, also known as “molecular targeted therapies,” take advantage of the molecular and genetic differences between the cancer cells and the normal cells. It needs a thorough understanding of the cancer cells to develop drugs that can target specific molecular aspects that drive the growth, progression, and spread of cancer cells without affecting the growth and survival of other normal cells in the body.
There are several types of targeted therapies against...
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Combination Therapies and Personalized Medicine02:50

Combination Therapies and Personalized Medicine

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Combining two or more treatment methods increases the life span of cancer patients while reducing damage to vital organs or tissue from the overuse of a single treatment. Combination therapy also targets different cancer-inducing pathways, thus reducing the chances of developing resistance to treatment.
The combination of the drug acetazolamide and sulforaphane is a good example of combination therapy to treat cancer. The cells in the interior of a large tumor often die due to the hypoxic and...
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Cancer Vaccines01:30

Cancer Vaccines

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Cancer treatment vaccines are a rapidly evolving field that offers a promising approach to immunotherapy. Unlike traditional vaccines that prevent diseases, cancer treatment vaccines are designed to treat existing cancers by stimulating the immune system to recognize and attack cancer cells.
Cancer vaccines come in two categories: preventive (prophylactic) and treatment (active). Preventive vaccines, such as the Human Papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine, protect against viruses that cause certain...
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Cancer Therapies02:49

Cancer Therapies

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Cancer therapies are various modes of treatment, such as surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy that are administered to cancer patients.
However, cancer treatments can pose several challenges, as therapies used to kill cancer cells are generally also toxic to normal cells. Moreover, cancer cells mutate rapidly and can develop resistance to chemical agents or radiation therapy. Besides, all types of cancer cells may not respond to the same therapy. Some cancer cells respond to one...
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Induction of Invasive Transitional Cell Bladder Carcinoma in Immune Intact Human MUC1 Transgenic Mice: A Model for Immunotherapy Development
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Immunotherapy in Advanced Biliary Tract Cancers.

Alice Boilève1,2, Marc Hilmi3, Cristina Smolenschi1,3

  • 1Département de Médecine Oncologique, Gustave Roussy, F-94805 Villejuif, France.

Cancers
|April 3, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Biliary tract cancers have poor prognoses, with immunotherapy showing promise for select patients. Identifying biomarkers is crucial for effective immunotherapy selection in these rare liver malignancies.

Keywords:
biliary tract cancerscholangiocarcinomadrug combinationimmune checkpoint inhibitorimmunotherapyvaccine

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Immunotherapy
  • Gastroenterology

Background:

  • Biliary tract cancers (BTCs) are rare and often diagnosed at advanced stages.
  • Current therapeutic options for advanced BTC are limited, with a poor prognosis.
  • Immunotherapy, particularly immune checkpoint inhibitors, is emerging but largely investigational for BTC.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current landscape of immunotherapy in biliary tract cancers.
  • To highlight the need for predictive biomarkers to guide immunotherapy selection.
  • To discuss ongoing investigations into combination therapies for BTC.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on immunotherapy in biliary tract cancers.
  • Analysis of the role of immune checkpoint inhibitors, including pembrolizumab.
  • Discussion of emerging combination strategies involving immunotherapy, chemotherapy, and targeted therapies.

Main Results:

  • Pembrolizumab is approved only for microsatellite-instable BTC.
  • Single-agent immune checkpoint blockade shows limited activity in microsatellite-stable BTC.
  • A subgroup of patients may benefit from immunotherapy, but requires biomarker identification.

Conclusions:

  • Predictive biomarker identification is essential for optimizing immunotherapy in biliary tract cancers.
  • Combination therapies are under investigation in early lines of treatment for BTC.
  • Further research is needed to improve immunotherapy efficacy and patient selection in BTC.