Greater Osseointegration Potential with Nanostructured Surfaces on TiZr: Accelerated vs. Real-Time Ageing

Surface chemistry and nanotopography of dental implants can have a substantial impact on osseointegration. The aim of this investigation was to evaluate the effects of surface chemistry and nanotopography on the osseointegration of titanium-zirconium (TiZr; Roxolid^®) discs, using a biomechanical pull-out model in rabbits. Two discs each were placed in both the right and left tibiae of 16 rabbits. Five groups of sandblasted acid etched (SLA) discs were tested: (1) hydrophobic without nanostructures (dry/micro) (n = 13); (2) hydrophobic with nanostructures, accelerated aged (dry/nano/AA) (n = 12); (3) hydrophilic without nanostructures (wet/micro) (n = 13); (4) hydrophilic with nanostructures, accelerated aged (wet/nano/AA; SLActive^®) (n = 13); (5) hydrophilic with nanostructures, real-time aged (wet/nano/RTA). The animals were sacrificed after four weeks and the biomechanical pull-out force required to remove the discs was evaluated. Adjusted mean pull-out force was greatest for group wet/nano/RTA (64.5 ± 17.7 N) and lowest for group dry/micro (33.8 ± 10.7 N). Multivariate mixed model analysis showed that the pull-out force was significantly greater for all other disc types compared to the dry/micro group. Surface chemistry and topography both had a significant effect on pull-out force (p < 0.0001 for both), but the effect of the interaction between chemistry and topography was not significant (p = 0.1056). The introduction of nanostructures on the TiZr surface significantly increases osseointegration. The introduction of hydrophilicity to the TiZr implant surface significantly increases the capacity for osseointegration, irrespective of the presence or absence of nanotopography.