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Chronic Implantation of Multiple Flexible Polymer Electrode Arrays

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Multi-Layer and Conformally Integrated Structurally Embedded Vascular Antenna (SEVA) Arrays.

Amrita Bal¹, Jeffery W Baur², Darren J Hartl^3,4

¹Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)

|April 3, 2021

Summary

This study introduces novel frequency-reconfigurable antennas with embedded vascular microchannels. These Structurally Embedded Vascular Antennas (SEVAs) utilize liquid metal for tunable performance in composite panels for applications like Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs).

Keywords:

beam steering frequency reconfiguration phased array unmanned aerial vehicle

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Last Updated: Nov 10, 2025

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Published on: January 7, 2019

Area of Science:

Additive Manufacturing
Antenna Engineering
Materials Science

Background:

Traditional antennas often lack reconfigurability and seamless integration into structural components.
Embedding functional elements within composite materials presents significant fabrication challenges.

Purpose of the Study:

To design and fabricate frequency-reconfigurable antennas by embedding vascular microchannels within structural composite panels.
To demonstrate the integration of these antennas into both planar and complex-curved surfaces for advanced applications.

Main Methods:

Utilizing additively manufactured sacrificial materials to create vascular microchannels within epoxy-filled quartz fiber composite panels.
Employing pressure-driven transport of liquid metal through microchannels to alter antenna resonant frequencies.
Designing parallel-strip antipodal dipole feed structures for antenna excitation and fluidic interface.

Main Results:

Successful fabrication of two multi-element Structurally Embedded Vascular Antennas (SEVAs) in planar and complex-curved configurations.
Demonstrated frequency reconfiguration exceeding a decade for the fundamental dipole mode.
Validated conformal integration onto a complex curved surface mimicking an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) leading edge.

Conclusions:

SEVAs offer a viable method for creating frequency-reconfigurable antennas with embedded microchannels in structural composites.
The technology enables conformal integration and tunable electromagnetic performance for advanced aerospace and other applications.
Further development can lead to sophisticated antenna arrays with beam steering capabilities.