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Enzymes02:34

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Inside living organisms, enzymes act as catalysts for many biochemical reactions involved in cellular metabolism. The role of enzymes is to reduce the activation energies of biochemical reactions by forming complexes with its substrates. The lowering of activation energies favor an increase in the rates of biochemical reactions.
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The theory of catalytically perfect enzymes was first proposed by W.J. Albery and J. R. Knowles in 1976. These enzymes catalyze biochemical reactions at high-speed. Their catalytic efficiency values range from 108-109 M-1s-1. These enzymes are also called 'diffusion-controlled' as the only rate-limiting step in the catalysis is that of the substrate diffusion into the active site. Examples include triose phosphate isomerase, fumarase, and superoxide dismutase.
 
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When a ligand binds to a cell-surface receptor, the receptor's intracellular domain changes shape, which may either activate its enzyme function or allow its binding to other molecules. The initial signal is amplified by most signal transduction pathways. This means that a single ligand molecule can activate multiple molecules of a downstream target. Proteins that relay a signal are most commonly phosphorylated at one or more sites, activating or inactivating the protein. Kinases catalyze...
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Genetically Encodable Scaffolds for Optimizing Enzyme Function.

Yong Quan Tan1,2, Bo Xue1,2,3, Wen Shan Yew1,2,3

  • 1Synthetic Biology for Clinical and Technological Innovation, National University of Singapore, 28 Medical Drive, Singapore 117456, Singapore.

Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)
|April 3, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Synthetic biology uses enzyme engineering with scaffolds to improve enzyme function. Genetically encodable scaffolds offer novel ways to optimize enzymes for applications like chemical production and bioremediation.

Keywords:
nucleic acid scaffoldprotein scaffoldprotein shellssynthetic biologysynthetic enzymology

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Area of Science:

  • Synthetic biology
  • Biochemistry
  • Molecular biology

Background:

  • Enzyme engineering is crucial for synthetic biology, aiming to create enzymes with novel or enhanced functions.
  • Modifying enzyme primary sequences alone is often insufficient for achieving desired functionalities.
  • Protein and nucleic acid scaffolds are increasingly used to improve enzyme properties.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent trends in using genetically encodable scaffolds for enzyme enhancement.
  • To highlight molecular tools for constructing synthetic enzyme-scaffold systems.
  • To discuss the application of scaffolds in synthetic biology methodologies.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent trends in enzyme-scaffold systems.
  • Analysis of genetically encodable scaffolds and their development.
  • Identification of molecular tools for constructing these systems.

Main Results:

  • Scaffolds optimize reaction conditions, enhance metabolic flux, and increase enzyme stability.
  • Genetically encodable scaffolds align with synthetic biology principles.
  • Various molecular tools facilitate the construction of these systems.

Conclusions:

  • Enzyme-scaffold systems are a powerful approach in synthetic biology.
  • Scaffolds provide advantages beyond primary sequence modification for enzyme function.
  • Future research should focus on the development and application of these synthetic systems.