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Assessment of the Rectum and Anus01:25

Assessment of the Rectum and Anus

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Evaluating the rectum and anus plays a crucial role in conducting a thorough physical examination of the gastrointestinal system. Although it may be uncomfortable and often embarrassing for the patient, it holds immense diagnostic value, particularly in detecting gastrointestinal diseases and abnormalities. This guide will explain how to perform this assessment using inspection and palpation methods.
Rectal Inspection
Begin by inspecting the perianal and anal areas for color, texture, rashes,...
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Irritable Bowel Syndrome II: Clinical Features and Diagnostic Evaluation01:30

Irritable Bowel Syndrome II: Clinical Features and Diagnostic Evaluation

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Irritable Bowel Syndrome II: Clinical Features and Diagnostic Evaluation
Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) is classified into subtypes based on the predominant bowel habits as determined by the Bristol Stool Form Scale (BSFS). The subtypes are:
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Drugs for Treatment of Constipation-Predominant IBS01:21

Drugs for Treatment of Constipation-Predominant IBS

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Pharmacological therapies for IBS-C are designed to alleviate abdominal discomfort and enhance bowel function. In patients with IBS-C, fiber supplements may help soften stools and decrease straining, but may also lead to increased gas production and bloating. Osmotic laxatives like milk of magnesia are frequently used to soften stools and increase stool frequency in IBS-C patients. In addition, two drugs approved for use in severe IBS-C adult cases are linaclotide (Linzess) and lubiprostone...
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Irritable Bowel Syndrome III: Medical and Nursing Management01:30

Irritable Bowel Syndrome III: Medical and Nursing Management

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Managing Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) involves a multifaceted approach, including lifestyle modifications, dietary changes, and medication.
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Chronic Bowel Disorders: Introduction01:17

Chronic Bowel Disorders: Introduction

615
Chronic bowel diseases are a group of long-term conditions affecting the digestive tract, characterized by inflammation and damage to the gut lining. These conditions primarily include irritable bowel syndrome and inflammatory bowel disease.
Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) is a common disorder affecting the gastrointestinal tract. The distinctive feature is recurrent abdominal pain associated with altered bowel movements, manifesting as constipation, diarrhea, or fluctuating between both. The...
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Inflammatory Bowel Disease III: Diagnostic Studies and Management I-Nutritional Therapy01:30

Inflammatory Bowel Disease III: Diagnostic Studies and Management I-Nutritional Therapy

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Various diagnostic tests are employed in the diagnostic process for Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD), particularly to differentiate between Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis.
Diagnostic studies
A colonoscopy is the definitive screening test, distinguishing ulcerative colitis from other colon diseases with similar symptoms. During a colonoscopy test, inflamed mucosa with exudate ulcerations can be observed, and biopsies are taken to determine the histologic characteristics of the...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 10, 2025

Electroacupuncture Combined with Chinese Medicine Ironing Therapy for Functional Constipation
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Diagnosing Constipation Spectrum Disorders in a Primary Care Setting.

Joel Heidelbaugh1, Nicole Martinez de Andino2, David Pineles3

  • 1Department of Family Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.

Journal of Clinical Medicine
|April 3, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Understanding constipation

Keywords:
chronic idiopathic constipationconstipationirritable bowel syndromepathophysiologyprimary care

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Area of Science:

  • Gastroenterology
  • Internal Medicine
  • Patient Care

Background:

  • Constipation is a common disorder with various underlying pathophysiological causes.
  • Effective management requires understanding these causes, diagnostic tools, and patient expectations.
  • Primary care physicians (PCPs) play a crucial role in diagnosing and managing constipation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the pathophysiology, prevalence, and diagnostic tools for constipation.
  • To highlight patient expectations in constipation management.
  • To guide PCPs on managing constipation and identifying when specialist referral is necessary.

Main Methods:

  • Literature search of PubMed using terms related to constipation, diagnosis, and patient perceptions.
  • Development of case studies to illustrate primary care vs. specialist management scenarios.

Main Results:

  • Constipation can result from stool consistency, motility issues, gut microbiome, anorectal problems, and behavioral/psychological factors.
  • Primary constipation diagnoses include slow-transit, defecation disorders, IBS with constipation, and chronic idiopathic constipation.
  • A thorough history, awareness of alarm signs, and knowledge of classification criteria are essential for PCPs.

Conclusions:

  • PCPs must understand the multifactorial causes of constipation to direct therapy effectively.
  • Familiarity with diagnostic tools, alarm signs, and subtypes aids appropriate diagnosis and treatment.
  • Identifying the need for referral to specialists (gastroenterologist, physical therapist, mental health professional) is critical for optimal patient outcomes.