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Related Concept Videos

Hypoxia01:23

Hypoxia

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Hypoxia is a medical condition characterized by an inadequate oxygen supply to body tissues. It typically manifests as a bluish discoloration of the skin and mucosae, especially in fair-skinned individuals, when hemoglobin (Hb) saturation drops below 75%.
Types of Hypoxia
There are four primary types of hypoxia, each resulting from a different cause:
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Rapidly dividing tumors, embryos, and wounded tissues require more oxygen than usual, lowering the oxygen concentration in the blood. At low oxygen or hypoxic conditions, an oxygen-sensitive transcription factor called the hypoxia-inducible factor 1 or HIF1 is activated. HIF1 is a dimeric protein of alpha (ɑ) and beta (β) subunits.  Under optimal oxygen conditions, HIF1β is present in the nucleus while HIF1ɑ remains in the cytosol. HIF1ɑ is hydroxylated by prolyl...
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All blood and immune cells are produced from the multipotent hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) by the process of hematopoiesis. However, they all have a limited life span. In addition, many are depleted in immune surveillance or combatting an injury or infection. This makes blood one of the most regenerative tissues. Hematopoiesis helps replenish these blood and immune cells, restoring the body's normal functioning. However, overproduction of blood and immune cells can make them cancerous or...
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Cancer cells accumulate genetic changes at an abnormally rapid rate due to the defects in the DNA repair mechanisms. From an evolutionary perspective, such genetic instability is advantageous for cancer development. Mutant cell lines accumulate a series of beneficial mutations that contribute to their progression into cancer.
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Oxygen Transport in the Blood01:27

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Hemoglobin (Hb) is a crucial molecule in the human body, consisting of four polypeptide chains, each bound to an iron-containing heme group. This unique structure enables hemoglobin to bind to oxygen, with each molecule capable of combining with four molecules of oxygen, leading to rapid and reversible oxygen loading. When fully loaded with oxygen, it is called oxyhemoglobin, while hemoglobin that has released oxygen is called reduced hemoglobin or deoxyhemoglobin. As hemoglobin binds oxygen,...
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Acute Respiratory Failure-II01:21

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Type I Respiratory Failure, or hypoxemic respiratory failure, occurs when the partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) in arterial blood falls below 60 mmHg while breathing room air without a corresponding increase in arterial carbon dioxide levels (PaCO2). This condition highlights a significant impairment in the lungs' capacity to oxygenate the blood.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 10, 2025

Co-immunoprecipitation Assay Using Endogenous Nuclear Proteins from Cells Cultured Under Hypoxic Conditions
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Co-immunoprecipitation Assay Using Endogenous Nuclear Proteins from Cells Cultured Under Hypoxic Conditions

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Hypoxia/HIF Modulates Immune Responses.

Yuling Chen1, Timo Gaber1,2

  • 1Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Ember of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany.

Biomedicines
|April 3, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Physiological low oxygen conditions (hypoxia) impact immune cell function and immune responses. Severe hypoxia in disease can cause immune dysfunction, leading to tissue damage, cancer, and autoimmunity.

Keywords:
B cellsHIFILCT cellshypoxiamacrophagesmonocytesneutrophilsoxygen

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cellular Biology
  • Physiology

Background:

  • Oxygen levels naturally decrease from lungs to tissues, creating physiological hypoxia.
  • Immune cells encounter diverse oxygen levels during circulation and surveillance.
  • Hypoxia significantly influences immune cell function and immune responses.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize the effects of physiological and pathophysiological hypoxia on immune activity.
  • To provide an overview of hypoxia-induced pathways controlling immune responses, focusing on HIFs.
  • To discuss targeting hypoxia-sensitive pathways for treating cancer and autoimmunity.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on hypoxia and immune response.
  • Analysis of transcriptional regulation by hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs).
  • Discussion of therapeutic strategies targeting hypoxia.

Main Results:

  • Physiological hypoxia modulates innate and adaptive immunity.
  • Severe hypoxia under pathological conditions leads to immune dysfunction.
  • Hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) are key regulators of immune response under hypoxia.

Conclusions:

  • Hypoxia plays a critical role in regulating immune cell function in both health and disease.
  • Targeting hypoxia-sensitive pathways offers potential therapeutic avenues for cancer and autoimmune diseases.