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Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

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Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
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The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
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The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 10, 2025

An Orthotopic Mouse Model of Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma
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Additional Tissue Sampling Trials Did Not Change Our Thyroid Practice.

Hisakazu Shindo1, Kennichi Kakudo2, Keiko Inomata3

  • 1Department of Surgery, Yamashita Thyroid Hospital, Fukuoka 812-0034, Japan.

Cancers
|April 3, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Additional tissue sampling for encapsulated thyroid nodules did not significantly increase follicular thyroid carcinoma (FTC) diagnoses. This practice yielded no clinical benefit for patients, leading to its discontinuation in thyroid cancer diagnosis.

Keywords:
capsular invasionfollicular thyroid carcinomaoverdiagnosissampling methodvascular invasion

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Pathology
  • Surgical Oncology

Background:

  • Follicular thyroid carcinoma (FTC) diagnosis relies on pathological assessment of thyroid nodules.
  • The efficacy of increased tissue sampling in improving FTC detection rates requires further investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate if additional tissue sampling of encapsulated thyroid nodules enhances the diagnostic frequency of follicular thyroid carcinoma (FTC).

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective analysis of thyroid tissue specimens from 86 patients with suspected FTC.
  • Comparison of diagnoses based on standard pathological assessment versus methods including additional tissue blocks.

Main Results:

  • Additional tissue sampling revised one diagnosis from follicular adenoma to FTC, increasing the FTC diagnosis count from 5 to 6.
  • Despite a slight increase in FTC detection, the change was not clinically significant for patient management.

Conclusions:

  • Additional tissue sampling for encapsulated thyroid nodules did not substantially improve FTC diagnosis rates.
  • The practice offered no discernible benefit to patient treatment strategies, leading to its cessation.