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Development of Immunocompetence01:22

Development of Immunocompetence

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The initiation of cell-mediated immunity can be observed as early as the third month of fetal growth, with active antibody-mediated immunity following approximately one month later.
The initial cells that migrate from the fetal thymus settle within the skin and epithelial tissues lining the mouth, digestive tract, and in females, the uterus and vagina. These cells, including skin-based dendritic cells, serve as antigen-presenting cells, playing a key role in T cell activation.
Subsequent T...
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Immunological Memory01:23

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Immunological memory, a pivotal pillar of the adaptive immune system, is responsible for the body's ability to remember and respond more swiftly and effectively to previously encountered pathogens. This remarkable feature is what makes vaccines so effective in preventing diseases.
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Immunological memory is an integral function of the immune system that allows it to recognize and react more rapidly and effectively to pathogens previously encountered. This feature...
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Special Features of Adaptive Immunity01:20

Special Features of Adaptive Immunity

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The adaptive immune system, a crucial component of the overall immune response, offers a highly specialized defense against pathogens. It involves specific cell types and features, enabling it to combat infections effectively and efficiently.
The primary cell types involved in adaptive immunity are T cells and B cells. Each type has a unique role in defending the body against pathogens. T cells are responsible for cell-mediated immunity. They identify and eliminate infected cells directly,...
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Active versus Passive Immunity01:31

Active versus Passive Immunity

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Immunity, along with the ability to limit pathogen growth to prevent significant body tissue damage, can be gained either by (1) actively developing an immune response within the individual after exposure to a pathogen or after getting vaccinated or (2) passively transferring immune components from an immune individual to one who is nonimmune. Both these forms of immunity can be found naturally and in medical practices.
Active Immunity
Active immunity refers to the resistance one develops...
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Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response01:23

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The T and B lymphocytes of the adaptive immune system develop from common lymphoid progenitor cells in the bone marrow. These progenitors give rise to precursors that eventually develop into both T and B lymphocytes. As these precursors mature, they gain the ability to detect and respond to foreign antigens in the body, a process known as immunocompetence. Additionally, these precursors acquire self-tolerance, a process that ensures they do not react to self-antigens. This intricate system...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 10, 2025

Transplantation of Tail Skin to Study Allogeneic CD4 T Cell Responses in Mice
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The immunological function of allosuckling.

A Roulin1, P Heeb1

  • 1Department of Zoology, University of Bern, CH-3032 Hinterkappelen, Switzerland.

Ecology Letters
|April 3, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Young mammals gain immune protection by nursing from multiple females, a behavior called allosuckling. This strategy transfers vital immunological compounds, enhancing offspring immunity despite potential pathogen risks.

Keywords:
Alloparental careallosucklingantibodyhumanimmunologylactationmammalparent-offspring conflictpathogen

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Area of Science:

  • Mammalian immunology
  • Behavioral ecology
  • Reproductive strategies

Background:

  • Young mammals possess immature immune systems and rely on maternal milk for immunological protection.
  • Lactation is crucial for transmitting immunological compounds from mother to offspring.
  • Allosuckling, or nursing from multiple females, is a behavior observed in young mammals.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose and develop the Immunological Function of Allosuckling (IFA) hypothesis.
  • To explain the variation in allosuckling frequency within and between species.
  • To investigate the immunological benefits and costs associated with allosuckling.

Main Methods:

  • Review and synthesis of published experimental evidence.
  • Development of a theoretical framework for the IFA hypothesis.
  • Analysis of factors influencing immunological benefits, including offspring, foster, and genetic mother's immune status.

Main Results:

  • Immunological benefits of allosuckling are contingent upon the immune status of all involved individuals.
  • Allosuckling can confer immunological advantages to young mammals.
  • Potential risks include pathogen transmission through milk and between mothers.

Conclusions:

  • The IFA hypothesis offers a novel explanation for why young mammals engage in allosuckling.
  • It also sheds light on why foster mothers may refuse to nurse non-offspring.
  • Allosuckling frequency is influenced by a complex interplay of immunological factors and potential costs.