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Related Concept Videos

The Auditory Ossicles01:11

The Auditory Ossicles

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The auditory ossicles of the middle ear transmit sounds from the air as vibrations to the fluid-filled cochlea. The auditory ossicles consist of two malleus (hammer) bones, two incus (anvil) bones, and two stapes (stirrups), one on each side. These bones develop during the fetal stage and are the ones to ossify first. They are fully mature at birth and do not grow afterward.
The aptly named stapes look very much like a stirrup. The three ossicles are unique to mammals, and each plays a role in...
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The Cochlea01:13

The Cochlea

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The cochlea is a coiled structure in the inner ear that contains hair cells—the sensory receptors of the auditory system. Sound waves are transmitted to the cochlea by small bones attached to the eardrum called the ossicles, which vibrate the oval window that leads to the inner ear. This causes fluid in the chambers of the cochlea to move, vibrating the basilar membrane.
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Anatomy of the Ear01:16

Anatomy of the Ear

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Auditory sensation, commonly called hearing, involves the transformation of sonic waves into neural impulses facilitated by the structures of the auditory organ. The prominent, flesh-like structure on the side of the head, called the auricle, directs sound waves towards the auditory canal. The auricle is often mislabeled as the pinna, a term more aligned with mobile structures like a feline's external ear. The auditory canal penetrates the cranium via the external auditory meatus of the...
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Auditory Pathway01:15

Auditory Pathway

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Auditory pathways constitute the complex neural circuits responsible for transmitting and interpreting auditory information from the peripheral auditory system to the brain. Sound waves are initially captured by the outer ear, funneled through the ear canal, and reach the tympanic membrane (eardrum). These vibrations are transmitted via the middle ear's ossicles to the inner ear's cochlea.
When viewed cross-sectionally, the cochlea reveals the scala vestibuli and scala tympani flanking...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 10, 2025

Author Spotlight: Advancing Endoscopic Ossiculoplasty – Techniques, Innovations, and Practical Guidance for Clinical Integration
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Author Spotlight: Advancing Endoscopic Ossiculoplasty – Techniques, Innovations, and Practical Guidance for Clinical Integration

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Ultrasonic bone removal from the ossicular chain affects cochlear structure and function.

Jennifer M Siu1, Jaina Negandhi2, Robert V Harrison1,2,3

  • 1Department of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.

Journal of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery = Le Journal D'Oto-Rhino-Laryngologie Et De Chirurgie Cervico-Faciale
|April 3, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Ultrasonic bone removal devices precisely removed malleus head bone but caused significant cochlear damage. Further study is needed before using this technology for ossicular fixation release.

Keywords:
PiezosurgerySafetyUltrasonic bone removal

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Area of Science:

  • Oto-surgery
  • Medical Device Technology
  • Auditory Research

Background:

  • Ultrasonic bone removal devices (UBD) offer precise bone cutting with minimal soft tissue damage.
  • Investigated UBD for ossicular chain bone removal in otosclerosis or congenital fixation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Assess feasibility and safety of UBD for malleus head bone removal in an animal model.
  • Evaluate impact on cochlear function and hair cell integrity.

Main Methods:

  • Prospective animal study on seven chinchillas using UBD on the malleus head.
  • Measured distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAE) and auditory brainstem response (ABR).
  • Assessed cochlear hair cell integrity via scanning electron microscopy (SEM).

Main Results:

  • Successful precise bone removal from malleus head without ossicular chain or tympanic membrane disruption.
  • DPOAEs became undetectable; ABR thresholds elevated significantly (>85 dB SPL).
  • SEM revealed significant cochlear organ of Corti damage, including outer hair cell loss.

Conclusions:

  • UBD can reshape ossicles without immediate middle ear injury.
  • Prolonged UBD use risks cochlear structural and functional damage.
  • Extensive cochlear pathology observed; further research is required before clinical application for ossicular fixation.