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Social psychology examines how the real or imagined presence of others influences individuals' thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. A key concept in this field is the role of social context in shaping behavior. The same individual may act differently depending on the social setting, due to the varying expectations and norms associated with each environment. This context-dependent behavior illustrates the influence of social roles, which prescribe appropriate conduct in specific situations.Social...
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Natural selection influences the frequencies of particular alleles and phenotypes within populations in several different ways. Primarily, natural selection can be directional, stabilizing, or disruptive. Directional selection favors one extreme trait and shifts the population towards that phenotype while selecting against individuals displaying alternate traits. Stabilizing selection favors an intermediate trait with a narrow range of variation. Deviation from the optimal phenotype towards an...
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Cross-Modal Multivariate Pattern Analysis
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Cortical ensembles selective for context.

Jordan P Hamm1,2, Yuriy Shymkiv3, Shuting Han3

  • 1Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027; jhamm1@gsu.edu.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
|April 3, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Neural circuits in the visual cortex (V1) adjust responses based on context. Specialized neuron ensembles detect and signal surprising stimuli, guided by top-down brain signals, crucial for prediction error computations.

Keywords:
circuitsneocortexpredictive coding

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Computational Neuroscience
  • Sensory Processing

Background:

  • Neural processing is context-dependent, with responses varying for predictable versus novel stimuli.
  • Understanding how cortical circuits achieve this contextual modulation is key for explaining attention, learning, and behavior.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the neural mechanisms underlying context-dependent modulation of sensory responses in the primary visual cortex (V1).
  • To identify neuronal populations responsible for detecting stimulus deviance and their circuit basis.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized in vivo two-photon calcium imaging and local field potential recordings in awake mice.
  • Employed visual oddball paradigms to present predictable and deviant stimuli.
  • Used optogenetics to manipulate prefrontal inputs to V1.

Main Results:

  • Identified stimulus-evoked response reductions to redundant stimuli and augmentations to deviant stimuli in V1.
  • Discovered a specific subset of supragranular neurons ('deviance-detecting cells') exhibiting augmented responses.
  • Showed that optogenetic suppression of prefrontal inputs impaired the contextual selectivity of these deviance-detecting ensembles.

Conclusions:

  • Specialized, context-selective neuronal ensembles exist in primary sensory cortex.
  • Top-down prefrontal inputs causally modulate the contextual selectivity of these ensembles.
  • These findings provide a circuit basis for prediction error signaling, vital for survival and implicated in psychiatric disorders.