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Updated: Nov 10, 2025
A High Throughput, Multiplexed and Targeted Proteomic CSF Assay to Quantify Neurodegenerative Biomarkers and Apolipoprotein E Isoforms Status
Published on: October 20, 2016
Different Inflammatory Signatures in Alzheimer's Disease and Frontotemporal Dementia Cerebrospinal Fluid
Gustaf Boström1, Eva Freyhult2, Johan Virhammar3
1Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Geriatrics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
Background:
Neuroinflammatory processes are common in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD), but current knowledge is limited as to whether cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of neuroinflammatory proteins are altered in these diseases.
Objective:
To identify and characterize neuroinflammatory signatures in CSF from patients with AD, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and FTD.
Methods:
We used proximity extension assay and ANOVA to measure and compare levels of 92 inflammatory proteins in CSF from 42 patients with AD, 29 with MCI due to AD (MCI/AD), 22 with stable MCI, 42 with FTD, and 49 control subjects, correcting for age, gender, collection unit, and multiple testing.
Results:
Levels of matrix metalloproteinase-10 (MMP-10) were increased in AD, MCI/AD, and FTD compared with controls (AD: fold change [FC] = 1.32, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.14-1.53, q = 0.018; MCI/AD: FC = 1.53, 95% CI 1.20-1.94, q = 0.045; and FTD: FC = 1.42, 95% CI 1.10-1.83, q = 0.020). MMP-10 and eleven additional proteins were increased in MCI/AD, compared with MCI (q < 0.05). In FTD, 36 proteins were decreased, while none was decreased in AD or MCI/AD, compared with controls (q < 0.05).
Conclusion:
In this cross-sectional multi-center study, we found distinct patterns of CSF inflammatory marker levels in FTD and in both early and established AD, suggesting differing neuroinflammatory processes in the two disorders.
