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When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
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The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
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Cytotoxic T cells are a vital component of the immune system. They have the remarkable ability to identify and target antigens on infected or abnormal cells. These antigens often originate from intracellular pathogens such as viruses or abnormal proteins cancer cells produce.
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Recent advances in understanding the Th1/Th2 effector choice.

Matthew J Butcher1, Jinfang Zhu1

  • 1Molecular and Cellular Immunoregulation Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.

Faculty Reviews
|April 5, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Naive CD4 T cells differentiate into specialized types like Th1, Th2, Th17, Tfh, and Treg cells. This review explores new factors influencing T helper cell differentiation in vivo, including transcription factors, dendritic cells, and innate lymphoid cells.

Keywords:
Th1/Th2 effector choicedendritic cellsinnate lymphoid cells

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cellular Biology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • The Type 1 T helper (Th1)/Type 2 T helper (Th2) hypothesis, proposed in 1986, established that naive CD4 T cells differentiate into distinct lineages.
  • Master regulators T-bet and GATA3 were identified for Th1 and Th2 differentiation, respectively, primarily through in vitro studies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advances in understanding T helper cell differentiation.
  • To highlight new molecular players, the role of dendritic cells (DCs) and innate lymphoid cells (ILCs), and alternative differentiation pathways in vivo.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on T helper cell differentiation.
  • Focus on in vivo mechanisms and transcriptional networks.

Main Results:

  • T helper cell differentiation involves combinatorial transcription factor expression and is influenced by DCs and ILCs in vivo.
  • Alternative differentiation pathways exist, including transiting from Th17 to Th1 or Th2 phenotypes.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding Th1/Th2 effector cell choice in vivo requires considering complex transcriptional networks, cellular interactions, and alternative differentiation routes.
  • Further research into these factors is crucial for a comprehensive understanding of adaptive immunity.