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Updated: Nov 10, 2025

Large Scale Energy Efficient Sensor Network Routing Using a Quantum Processor Unit
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Experimental underwater quantum key distribution.

Zhao Feng, Shangbin Li, Zhengyuan Xu

    Optics Express
    |April 6, 2021
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Quantum key distribution (QKD) experiments in water demonstrate secure communication over 10 meters. Decoy-state QKD achieved higher key rates and shows potential for longer distances in clearer waters.

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    Area of Science:

    • Quantum Information Science
    • Optical Communication
    • Applied Physics

    Background:

    • Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) feasibility in water channels has been experimentally verified.
    • Underwater QKD offers a novel approach for secure communication in aquatic environments.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To experimentally investigate Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) and decoy-state QKD in a 10-meter water tank.
    • To assess the performance and security of underwater QKD systems using the BB84 protocol.

    Main Methods:

    • Conducted a 10m underwater QKD experiment using the BB84 protocol with 20 MHz optical pulses.
    • Employed decoy states, including the vacuum state, to enhance security in the decoy-state QKD experiment.
    • Measured the probability-of-detection matrix for polarization states and characterized quantum bit error rate (QBER).

    Main Results:

    • Achieved an average fidelity of 98.39% for four polarization states in the 10m underwater QKD experiment.
    • Reported a security key rate of 563.41 kbits/s with a QBER of 0.36% for the standard QKD.
    • Decoy-state QKD yielded an average signal state QBER of 0.95% and a key rate of 711.29 kbits/s.

    Conclusions:

    • Underwater QKD is feasible, with demonstrated secure key rates in a 10m water tank.
    • Decoy-state QKD significantly improves secure key rates and offers a predicted maximum secure distance of 19.2m.
    • Future advancements, like lower dark count single photon detectors, could extend underwater QKD to 237.1m in clearer waters.