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Related Concept Videos

Longitudinal Research02:20

Longitudinal Research

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Sometimes we want to see how people change over time, as in studies of human development and lifespan. When we test the same group of individuals repeatedly over an extended period of time, we are conducting longitudinal research. Longitudinal research is a research design in which data-gathering is administered repeatedly over an extended period of time. For example, we may survey a group of individuals about their dietary habits at age 20, retest them a decade later at age 30, and then again...
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Longitudinal Studies01:26

Longitudinal Studies

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Longitudinal studies are also widely used in other medical and social science fields. For instance, in cardiovascular research, they can monitor patients' health over decades to identify risk factors for heart disease, such as high cholesterol or smoking, and evaluate the long-term effectiveness of preventive measures. Similarly, in mental health studies, researchers might follow individuals from adolescence into adulthood to understand the development and progression of conditions like...
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Bioequivalence Experimental Study Designs: Repeated Measures, Cross-Over, Carry-Over, and Latin Square Designs01:15

Bioequivalence Experimental Study Designs: Repeated Measures, Cross-Over, Carry-Over, and Latin Square Designs

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Body:Bioequivalence experimental study designs play a pivotal role in testing the effectiveness of various treatments. Key among these are the repeated measures, cross-over, carry-over, and Latin square designs. In the repeated measures design, each subject receives all treatments, allowing for temporal comparisons. This type of design is useful in reducing variability but requires careful planning to avoid bias.The cross-over design, an economical method, involves sequential administration of...
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Cross-Sectional Research01:50

Cross-Sectional Research

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In cross-sectional research, a researcher compares multiple segments of the population at the same time. If they were interested in people's dietary habits, the researcher might directly compare different groups of people by age. Instead of following a group of people for 20 years to see how their dietary habits changed from decade to decade, the researcher would study a group of 20-year-old individuals and compare them to a group of 30-year-old individuals and a group of 40-year-old...
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Study Designs in Epidemiology01:20

Study Designs in Epidemiology

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Epidemiological study designs are fundamental tools for investigating the distribution, determinants, and control of health conditions in populations. They help researchers understand the relationships between exposures and outcomes, and they broadly fall into two categories: "observational" and "experimental" studies.
Observational studies are those where the researcher does not intervene but rather observes natural variations. They include cross-sectional, cohort, and...
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Crossover Experiments01:16

Crossover Experiments

4.3K
Crossover experiments, also called the repeated-measurements design, is a study design in which all experimental units are exposed to all treatments in different periods. Crossover experiments are generally used in psychology, the pharmaceutical industry, agriculture, and medicine.
Crossover designs are performed even with smaller sample sizes since the samples can act as their controls. These are better than simple randomized trials since patients are exposed to all the treatments.
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Enactive Phenomenological Approach to the Trier Social Stress Test: A Mixed Methods Point of View
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Methodological considerations for the design and implementation of a fully longitudinal mixed methods study.

Karen L Schumacher1,2, Vicki L Plano Clark3, June Eilers2

  • 1School of Nursing, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.

Research in Nursing & Health
|April 6, 2021
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Summary

Fully longitudinal mixed methods research offers real-time insights into dynamic phenomena. This study provides practical guidance for designing and implementing complex, data-intensive longitudinal mixed methods studies.

Keywords:
cancercaregiverslongitudinalmixed methodsresearch design

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Area of Science:

  • Social Sciences
  • Health Sciences
  • Research Methodology

Background:

  • Longitudinal mixed methods research, especially fully longitudinal designs, is gaining traction for studying dynamic phenomena.
  • These complex designs collect quantitative and qualitative data concurrently over time.
  • Existing methodological literature and guidance for these data-intensive studies are limited.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To address the scarcity of methodological guidance for fully longitudinal mixed methods research.
  • To share experiences and offer principles for designing and implementing such studies.
  • To provide practical insights based on a real-world study of family caregiving during cancer treatment.

Main Methods:

  • Description of the design and implementation of a fully longitudinal mixed methods study.
  • Identification of key decisions and challenges during proposal development and study execution.
  • Analysis of practical realities encountered during repeated participant contact over an extended period.

Main Results:

  • The study highlights the complexity and data-intensive nature of fully longitudinal mixed methods designs.
  • Real-world implementation revealed challenges related to participant burden, team coordination, and costs.
  • Key decisions involved aligning the design with the phenomenon's dynamics and planning data integration.

Conclusions:

  • Three guiding principles are proposed for researchers: align design with phenomenon dynamics, plan data integration early, and use practical implementation strategies for sustained participant engagement.
  • Successful implementation requires proactive strategies addressing the practicalities of repeated, long-term participant contact.
  • This research contributes practical, experience-based guidance for the growing field of longitudinal mixed methods research.