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Related Concept Videos

Muscles of the Shoulder01:23

Muscles of the Shoulder

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The muscles surrounding the shoulder girdle, including the clavicle and scapula, primarily stabilize the scapula. This stable base allows other muscles to move the humerus effectively. Scapular movements often mirror those of the humerus and extend its range of motion. For instance, raising the arm above the head would not be feasible without simultaneous upward rotation of the scapula.
Anterior Thoracic Muscles
The anterior thoracic muscles include the serratus anterior, subclavius, and...
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Muscles of the Thorax01:25

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The thorax muscles are central to the body's respiration and provide essential support and movement for the upper body. They are intricately designed to facilitate the complex breathing process while also contributing to the structural integrity and mobility of the chest and upper limbs.
The diaphragm is at the core of thoracic musculature, the primary muscle involved in breathing. This expansive, dome-shaped muscle marks the division between the thoracic and abdominal cavities. It...
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Muscles that Move the Arm01:31

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Nine muscles are involved in arm movements. Two of these, the pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi, originate from the axial skeleton and are called axial muscles. The other seven originate from the scapula and are called the scapular muscles.
The pectoralis major has two origins. Its clavicular head originates on the medial half of the clavicle. In contrast, the sternocostal head originates on the costal cartilages of ribs 1-6, the sternum, and the aponeurosis of the external oblique of the...
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Axial and Appendicular Muscles01:18

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Skeletal muscles, the key players in our body's movement, can be classified into two groups based on their location and function: axial muscles and appendicular muscles. These classifications reflect the primary roles the muscles play in the body's structure and movement.
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Flail Chest-I01:24

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Overview of Flail Chest
Flail chest is a severe and potentially life-threatening condition characterized by the fracture of three or more adjacent ribs in multiple places. It is most commonly caused by direct impacts and trauma, such as motor vehicle accidents or injuries from a steering wheel impact. It can also occur due to falls in elderly individuals with osteoporosis, or assaults involving sharp objects.
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The Thoracic Cage: Sternum01:17

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The thoracic or rib cage forms the body's thorax (chest) portion. Its primary function in the body is to protect vital organs in the thoracic cavity, such as the heart and the lungs. It consists of 12 pairs of ribs with their costal cartilages and the sternum. The ribs are anchored posteriorly to the 12 thoracic vertebrae (T1-T12).
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 10, 2025

Measurement of Dynamic Scapular Kinematics Using an Acromion Marker Cluster to Minimize Skin Movement Artifact
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Scapulothoracic Dyskinesis: A Concept Review.

Toufic R Jildeh1, Daisy A Ference2, Muhammad J Abbas3

  • 1Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Henry Ford Hospital, 2799 W. Grand Blvd, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA. touficjildeh@gmail.com.

Current Reviews in Musculoskeletal Medicine
|April 6, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Scapulothoracic dyskinesis (SD) disrupts scapular motion, causing pain, especially in overhead athletes. Current diagnosis lacks quantitative assessment, and management focuses on conservative care to optimize scapular kinematics.

Keywords:
Clinical evaluationOverhead throwing athletesPhysical therapyScapulothoracic dyskinesis

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Area of Science:

  • Orthopedic Surgery
  • Sports Medicine
  • Biomechanics

Background:

  • Scapulothoracic dyskinesis (SD) involves abnormal scapular position and motion, leading to significant pain.
  • SD is common in athletes, particularly those with overhead activities, and often coexists with other shoulder issues.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current knowledge on diagnosing and managing scapulothoracic dyskinesis.
  • To provide an evidence-based overview of clinical exams and treatments for orthopedic surgeons.
  • To identify areas needing further research in SD management.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of diagnostic and treatment modalities for scapulothoracic dyskinesis.
  • Analysis of clinical exams and conservative/surgical interventions.
  • Emphasis on a system-based approach over traditional orthopedic tests.

Main Results:

  • Diagnosis of SD is currently limited by the absence of quantitative clinical assessments.
  • Conservative interventions are the standard of care for optimizing scapular kinematics.
  • Surgical intervention is reserved for cases with coexisting pathologies.

Conclusions:

  • A holistic, system-based approach is increasingly favored for SD diagnosis.
  • Optimizing scapular positioning and dynamics is key to managing SD.
  • Further research is needed to refine quantitative diagnostic tools and treatment efficacy for SD.