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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 10, 2025

Full-Endoscopic Transforaminal Approach for Lumbar Discectomy
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Navigation-assisted extraforaminal lumbar disc microdiscectomy: Technical note.

Giovanni Federico Nicoletti1, Giuseppe Emmanuele Umana2, Bipin Chaurasia3

  • 1Department of Neurosurgery, Highly Specialized Hospital and of National Importance "Garibaldi", Catania, Italy.

Journal of Craniovertebral Junction & Spine
|April 7, 2021
PubMed
Summary

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Lumbar Spine Mucormycosis Mimicking Pott's Spine: A Case Report.

Case reports in infectious diseases·2026

This study introduces neuronavigation with a 2D/3D imaging system for treating extraforaminal lumbar disc herniation (ELDH). This novel technique offers a safe and effective approach, significantly improving patient pain outcomes.

Area of Science:

  • Neurosurgery
  • Spinal Surgery
  • Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery

Background:

  • Extraforaminal lumbar disc herniation (ELDH) constitutes 7%-12% of all lumbar disc herniations.
  • Optimal surgical treatment for ELDH remains a subject of ongoing discussion in medical literature.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To describe a novel application of 2D/3D imaging system navigation for planning surgical trajectories.
  • To present the outcomes of neuronavigated microdiscectomy for ELDH, a technique not previously detailed.

Main Methods:

  • A retrospective study involving 12 patients (7 males, 5 females) treated between February 2017 and July 2020.
  • Patients underwent far lateral microdiscectomy assisted by 2D/3D imaging system-based neuronavigation (O-arm).
  • Mean patient age was 56 years (range 49-71 years).
Keywords:
ExtraforaminalNavigationO-armlumbar disc herniationmicrodiscectomy

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Main Results:

  • No intraoperative or postoperative complications were observed in the patient cohort.
  • Preoperative Visual Analog Scale (VAS) for pain averaged 7.83, significantly improving to 1.83 at discharge.
  • Sustained improvement in low back and radicular pain was noted at 1, 6, and 12-month follow-ups.

Conclusions:

  • A novel use of 2D/3D imaging system navigation for microsurgical treatment of ELDH is presented.
  • The neuronavigation technique demonstrated safety and efficacy, providing enhanced intraoperative detail compared to traditional fluoroscopy.
  • This approach is particularly beneficial for complex ELDH cases and those with anatomical variations.