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Related Concept Videos

Gravimetry: Inorganic And Organic Precipitating Agents00:49

Gravimetry: Inorganic And Organic Precipitating Agents

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In gravimetry, the precipitant is chosen carefully to obtain a pure solid that can be easily filtered. Common inorganic precipitants can be used to determine several cations and anions. In some cases, the formation of the same precipitate can be used to determine the cation and the anion. For example, the reaction of barium and chromate ions to give barium chromate is used to determine both barium and chromate. However, precipitates such as hydroxides, oxalates, and metal ammonium phosphates...
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Types of Coprecipitation01:10

Types of Coprecipitation

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Coprecipitation is the contamination of a precipitate by otherwise soluble species and occurs via different processes. In colloidal precipitates, coprecipitation occurs via surface adsorption. For instance, barium sulfate has a primary layer of adsorbed barium ions and a secondary layer of nitrate counterions. This results in contamination of the precipitate by barium nitrate.
Sometimes, ions in a crystal lattice can undergo isomorphous replacement by inclusions of similar charge and size. For...
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Precipitation and Co-precipitation01:17

Precipitation and Co-precipitation

3.1K
Precipitation and coprecipitation methods can be used to separate a mixture of ions in a solution. In qualitative inorganic analysis, ions that form sparingly soluble precipitates with the same reagent are separated based on the differences in solubility products. For example, consider the separation of Cu(II) and Fe(II) ions by precipitation as insoluble sulfides. First, copper(II) sulfide is precipitated by the addition of acidic H2S, where the dissociation of H2S is suppressed. Adding H2S...
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Precipitation Titration: Endpoint Detection Methods01:19

Precipitation Titration: Endpoint Detection Methods

2.5K
In argentometric precipitation titrations, endpoints can be detected visually by the Mohr, Volhard, and Fajans methods. In the Mohr method, adding a soluble chromate indicator gives an initial yellow color to the analyte solution. As the titrant is added, the first excess of silver ions forms a red silver chromate precipitate, marking the endpoint. The solution pH should be maintained at about 8 by adding solid CaCO3.
In the Volhard method, a standard excess of AgNO3 is first added to the...
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Precipitation Titration: Overview01:26

Precipitation Titration: Overview

7.9K
Precipitation titration involves the reaction of a titrant and an analyte to generate an insoluble precipitate. While precipitation titration uses various precipitating agents, silver nitrate is the most common precipitating reagent; titrations involving Ag+ are called argentometric titrations. Usually, the endpoint in a precipitation titration can be detected by visual indicators.
A precipitation titration curve demonstrates the change in concentration of the titrant or analyte upon adding the...
7.9K
Precipitate Formation and Particle Size Control01:16

Precipitate Formation and Particle Size Control

2.6K
In precipitation gravimetry, the precipitating agent should react specifically or selectively with the analyte. While a specific reagent reacts with the analyte alone, a selective reagent can react with a limited number of chemical species.
The obtained precipitate should be either a pure substance of known composition or easily converted to one by a simple process, such as ignition or drying. In addition, the precipitate should be insoluble and easily filterable. In general, filterability...
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Keratic Precipitates: The Underutilized Diagnostic Clue.

Nicole Shu-Wen Chan1, Soon-Phaik Chee2,3,4,5

  • 1Department of Ophthalmology, National University Hospital, Singapore, Singapore.

Ocular Immunology and Inflammation
|April 7, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Standardized examination of keratic precipitates (KPs) can help differentiate causes of uveitis. In vivo confocal microscopy and analysis of KP distribution and color offer key diagnostic clues for infectious versus noninfectious etiologies.

Keywords:
Keratic precipitatesconfocal microscopygranulomatousinfectiousmorphologyuveitis

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Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Keratic precipitates (KPs) are crucial diagnostic indicators in uveitis.
  • Current classification of KPs as granulomatous or non-granulomatous lacks specificity for differentiating infectious from noninfectious uveitis.
  • Granulomatous uveitis can initially present with non-granulomatous features.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose a standardized method for examining KPs to aid in differentiating infectious from noninfectious uveitis.
  • To introduce in vivo confocal microscopy (IVCM) as a tool for KP classification.
  • To highlight KP distribution and color as additional diagnostic clues.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing in vivo confocal microscopy (IVCM) to classify KPs.
  • Differentiating between dendritiform/infiltrative ("non-granulomatous") KPs and smooth-rounded/globular ("granulomatous") KPs via IVCM.
  • Analyzing KP distribution (e.g., beyond the midline) and color (e.g., fresh pigmented) for diagnostic insights.

Main Results:

  • IVCM allows for a more refined classification of KPs, distinguishing specific morphologies within the "non-granulomatous" and "granulomatous" categories.
  • KP distribution extending beyond the midline suggests an infectious etiology.
  • Fresh, pigmented KPs are indicative of a viral cause.

Conclusions:

  • A systematic approach to examining KP morphology, distribution, and color, particularly using IVCM, can provide immediate diagnostic clues.
  • This standardized examination can help differentiate infectious from noninfectious uveitis.
  • Accurate KP assessment may reduce the need for extensive and costly diagnostic tests.