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Related Concept Videos

Bones of the Upper Limb: Ulna01:15

Bones of the Upper Limb: Ulna

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The ulna and radius are parallel bones of the antebrachium or the forearm. The ulna lies medially and consists of a bony tip called the olecranon process at its proximal end. This hook-like projection articulates with the olecranon fossa of the humerus and forms the "hinged" ulnohumeral part of the elbow joint. This joint facilitates forearm extension and flexion while preventing its hyperextension. Similarly, the coronoid process, another bony projection on the proximal/anterior side...
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The radius is longer of the two bones that make up the human antebrachium or forearm. At the proximal end, the radius articulates with the capitulum of the humerus and the radial notch of the ulna to form the elbow joint. At the distal end, the radius articulates with the ulna via the ulnar notch, forming the distal radioulnar joint. Distally, the radius also attaches to the carpal wrist bones (scaphoid and lunate) to form the radiocarpal joint.
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Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus01:19

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The upper limb consists of the arm, forearm, wrist, and hand bones. The humerus is the single bone of the upper arm region. Proximally, it has a large, spherical, smooth head that articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula to form the glenohumeral or shoulder joint. The margin of the head is the anatomical neck, a residual epiphyseal plate. Laterally it extends to form bony projections called the greater tubercle and the lesser tubercle. Next to the tubercles is the surgical neck, a...
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Development of the Limb Synovial Joints01:07

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Joints form during embryonic development in conjunction with the formation and growth of the associated bones. The embryonic tissue that gives rise to all bones, cartilage, and connective tissues of the body is called mesenchyme.
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Structural Joints: Synovial Joints01:16

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Synovial joints are the most common type of joint in the body. A key structural characteristic for a synovial joint is the presence of a joint cavity. This fluid-filled space is where the articulating surfaces of the bones contact each other. Also, unlike fibrous or cartilaginous joints, the articulating bone surfaces at a synovial joint are not directly connected to each other with fibrous connective tissue or cartilage. This gives the bones of a synovial joint the ability to move smoothly...
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Functional Classification of Joints
The functional classification of joints is determined by the amount of mobility between the adjacent bones. Joints are functionally classified as a synarthrosis or immobile joint, an amphiarthrosis or slightly moveable joint, or as a diarthrosis, a freely moveable joint. Fibrous and cartilaginous joints can be functionally classified as either synarthroses  or amphiarthroses, whereas all synovial joints are classified as diarthroses.
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Congenital Radioulnar Synostosis.

Paul T Rutkowski1, Julie Balch Samora

  • 1From the Department of Orthopaedics, Mount Carmel Health System, Columbus, OH (Rutkowski), and the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH (Samora).

The Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons
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PubMed
Summary

Congenital radioulnar synostosis, a rare forearm fusion, causes limited rotation in children. Current treatments like osteotomies have high complication rates, with limited evidence guiding management.

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Area of Science:

  • Orthopedics
  • Pediatric Orthopedics
  • Skeletal Dysplasias

Background:

  • Congenital radioulnar synostosis involves proximal radius and ulna fusion.
  • It presents in early childhood with functional deficits due to limited forearm rotation.
  • Compensatory wrist and shoulder hypermobility may lead to overuse injuries.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current understanding of congenital radioulnar synostosis.
  • To discuss diagnostic and classification methods.
  • To evaluate existing management strategies and their outcomes.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of case reports and case series.
  • Analysis of diagnostic modalities, including plain radiographs.
  • Examination of nonsurgical and surgical treatment outcomes.

Main Results:

  • Plain radiographs are standard for diagnosis and classification.
  • Existing classifications do not effectively guide treatment decisions.
  • Surgical resection has high complication rates; derotational osteotomies are common but have suboptimal outcomes.

Conclusions:

  • Limited high-level evidence exists for managing congenital radioulnar synostosis.
  • Current surgical interventions, particularly osteotomies, are associated with significant complications and poor results.
  • Further research is needed to establish evidence-based treatment guidelines.