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Area of Science:

  • Agricultural Chemistry
  • Soil Science
  • Plant Nutrition

Background:

  • Urea is a widely used nitrogen (N) fertilizer but suffers from rapid solubilization, leading to nutrient losses and reduced agronomic efficiency.
  • Modifying urea structure, such as through condensation with formaldehyde, is a strategy to improve nutrient uptake and reduce environmental losses.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of co-formulating urea-formaldehyde (UF) with zinc (Zn) sources on nutrient release and plant availability.
  • To evaluate the role of different zinc sources (ZnSO₄ and ZnO) within the UF matrix on N and Zn release patterns.

Main Methods:

  • Chemical characterization of urea-formaldehyde (UF) composites containing zinc sulfate (ZnSO₄) or zinc oxide (ZnO).
  • Laboratory release tests in aqueous media to assess N and Zn release kinetics.
  • Soil incubation experiments to evaluate nutrient release and fertilizer performance.

Main Results:

  • The UF matrix influenced the polymeric chain formation, with Zn particles playing a critical role.
  • UF favored the release of ZnO while delaying the release of ZnSO₄.
  • Soil incubation confirmed the slow-release characteristics of N from UF, optimizing nutritional efficiency.
  • The ZnO-UF system demonstrated synergistic benefits, reducing N volatilization and enhancing Zn release.

Conclusions:

  • Urea-formaldehyde (UF) composites offer a promising approach for slow-release nitrogen fertilization.
  • The choice of zinc source (ZnO vs. ZnSO₄) significantly impacts nutrient release dynamics within the UF matrix.
  • The ZnO-UF system enhances both nitrogen use efficiency and zinc availability, presenting a dual-benefit fertilizer for improved crop productivity and reduced environmental impact.