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Related Concept Videos

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Excretion01:26

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Excretion

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In pediatric medicine, understanding the renal function and drug elimination nuances is crucial for administering safe and effective treatments. Newborns, in particular, display markedly slower renal functions than adults, profoundly affecting how drugs are cleared from their bodies. This slower drug clearance requires clinicians to extend the dosing intervals for many medications to prevent drug accumulation and toxicity while ensuring therapeutic efficacy.One key area where these adjustments...
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Hand hygiene01:23

Hand hygiene

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Asepsis is the practice of preventing or breaking the chain of infection. The nurse employs aseptic techniques to prevent the spread of microorganisms and reduce the risk of diseases. Hand hygiene is the cornerstone of aseptic techniques and is classified into medical and surgical asepsis. Medical asepsis includes hand hygiene and the use of gloves. Surgical asepsis, or the sterile technique, refers to practices that render and keep objects and areas free of microorganisms.
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Standard Precaution01:26

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Standard precautions are the minimum infection control safeguards used while caring for all patients, irrespective of their disease condition. They help prevent the spread of common infectious microorganisms to healthcare workers, patients, and visitors in all healthcare settings.
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Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Overview and Drug Absorption01:23

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Understanding the physiological differences in the pediatric population is crucial for effective pharmacotherapy. Neonates, infants, and children exhibit significant variations in gastric pH, gastric emptying time, intestinal transit time, and biliary function. These variations profoundly affect oral drug absorption, necessitating a nuanced approach to pediatric dosing.Neonates present with a unique physiological profile, having a gastric pH greater than 4 and faster and more irregular gastric...
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Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Metabolism01:24

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Metabolism

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In pediatric care, understanding the nuances of hepatic drug metabolism is crucial, as it significantly differs from that of adults. This divergence is primarily due to the developmental stage of drug-metabolizing enzymes, which affects how medications are processed in the body. In neonates, for instance, the activity of Phase I enzymes—critical for the initial breakdown of drugs—is markedly reduced, functioning at just 20–40% of the levels seen in adults. This reduction poses...
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Drug Dosing: Infants and Children01:29

Drug Dosing: Infants and Children

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Pediatric patient dosages diverge from adults due to disparities in body surface area, total body water, and extracellular fluid per kilogram of body weight. The dosing regimen considers the variations in pharmacokinetics and pharmacology across distinct age groups, encompassing preterm newborns, infants, young children, older children, and adolescents. Calculation of pediatric patient doses is predicated on determining body surface area, which exhibits a superior correlation with the child's...
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The Goeckerman Regimen for the Treatment of Moderate to Severe Psoriasis
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Paediatrics: how to manage scabies.

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Scabies, a mite infestation affecting millions globally, requires prompt multimodal treatment including topical agents and contact tracing. Early diagnosis and management prevent complications and reduce transmission, especially in children.

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Area of Science:

  • Dermatology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Scabies is a widespread, contagious skin infestation caused by the mite *Sarcoptes scabiei var hominis*.
  • Affecting 200-300 million people annually, it poses significant risks to children, the elderly, and immunocompromised individuals.
  • Prompt diagnosis and treatment are crucial to prevent severe complications and transmission.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current treatment strategies and management recommendations for scabies, with a focus on pediatric cases.
  • To highlight the importance of a multimodal approach in controlling scabies outbreaks.
  • To emphasize the need for early identification and treatment to prevent secondary infections and long-term sequelae.

Main Methods:

  • This narrative review synthesizes information on scabies diagnosis, treatment, and prevention.
  • It covers clinical suspicion, history, examination, dermoscopy, and microscopy for diagnosis.
  • Management strategies discussed include topical agents, oral ivermectin, contact tracing, and environmental control.

Main Results:

  • Topical antiscabetic agents are the primary treatment for classic childhood scabies and their contacts.
  • Oral ivermectin is recommended for high-risk pediatric cases and mass drug administration in endemic areas.
  • Multimodal management, including contact and environmental treatment, is essential to prevent reinfestation and treatment failure.

Conclusions:

  • Effective scabies management requires a comprehensive strategy involving prompt diagnosis, appropriate treatment of patients and contacts, and environmental control.
  • Early intervention minimizes the risk of secondary bacterial infections, chronic morbidity, and psychosocial stigma.
  • Implementing these strategies leads to prompt cure and reduced community transmission of scabies.