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Viewing garden scenes: Interaction between Gaze Behavior and Physiological Responses.

Congcong Liu1, Karl Herrup, Seiko Goto2

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Summary

Viewing Japanese gardens reduces stress, with physiological and visual behaviors linked. Decreased gaze transition entropy correlated with lower heart rate, suggesting a focus-relaxation connection. Gender differences in gaze patterns were also observed.

Keywords:
Eye movementAttentionEye trackingGender differencesInteractionMarkov modelsPhysiological responsesRegion of interest

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental psychology
  • Neuroscience
  • Human-computer interaction

Background:

  • Japanese gardens are known to reduce physiological stress indicators like heart rate.
  • The relationship between visual behavior (eye gaze) and physiological stress responses during garden viewing remains unexplored.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the correlation between physiological stress responses and visual behavior while viewing Japanese gardens.
  • To develop and utilize a system for simultaneous measurement of eye gaze and physiological indicators.

Main Methods:

  • Developed a system for simultaneous eye gaze, electrocardiogram, blood volume pulse, and galvanic skin response measurements.
  • Recorded responses of healthy subjects viewing a Japanese garden and an empty courtyard, both directly and as 2D photographs.
  • Analyzed gaze metrics including average fixation duration, saccade amplitude, spatial entropy, and gaze transition entropy.

Main Results:

  • Physiological responses differed between environments when viewed directly, but not as photographs.
  • Gaze transition entropy, a metric considering spatial and temporal gaze properties, showed a weak positive correlation with decreased heart rate.
  • Females exhibited more spatially distributed gaze patterns and higher gaze transition entropy compared to males.

Conclusions:

  • A potential link exists between visual engagement/focus and physiological relaxation.
  • The method of environmental presentation (direct vs. photograph) significantly impacts physiological and behavioral responses.
  • Gender influences visual attention strategies and their relationship with stress reduction.