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Related Concept Videos

Preclinical Development: Overview01:28

Preclinical Development: Overview

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Preclinical development consists of a series of tests that ensure the safety and efficacy of a new therapeutic compound before it is tested in humans. There are four main phases to this process. First, safety pharmacology tests are conducted to ensure the drug does not produce any acutely harmful effects. These tests examine parameters such as bronchoconstriction, cardiac dysrhythmias, blood pressure changes, and ataxia. Next, preliminary toxicological testing is performed to determine the...
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Simple proteins and protein complexes contain only amino acids. In contrast, many other proteins, called conjugated proteins, covalently bond with non-protein moieties.
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Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms-SNPs01:05

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A single nucleotide polymorphism or SNP is a single nucleotide variation at a specific genomic position in a large population. It is the most prevalent type of sequence variation found in the human genome. Point mutations that occur in more than 1% of the population qualify as SNPs. These are present once every 1000 nucleotides on an average in the human genome. Replacement of a purine with another purine (A/G) or a pyrimidine with another pyrimidine (C/T) is known as a transition. In contrast,...
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Cancer Vaccines01:30

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Cancer treatment vaccines are a rapidly evolving field that offers a promising approach to immunotherapy. Unlike traditional vaccines that prevent diseases, cancer treatment vaccines are designed to treat existing cancers by stimulating the immune system to recognize and attack cancer cells.
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Rous Sarcoma virus or RSV was discovered by F. Peyton Rous in the year 1911 as a filterable transmissible agent that could cause tumors in chickens. He won a Nobel Prize for this discovery in 1966. His experiments clearly demonstrated that some cancers could be caused by infectious agents and led to the discovery of many more cancer-causing viruses in animals as well as humans.
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Clinical Trials: Overview01:11

Clinical Trials: Overview

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Clinical development focuses on how the drug will interact with the human body and encompasses four key phases of clinical trials, each serving a specific purpose in assessing the safety and effectiveness of new drugs. These phases overlap and build upon one another. Phase I involves a small group of healthy volunteers (typically 20-80 individuals) or, in cases where significant toxicity is expected, patients with the targeted disease, such as cancer or AIDS. The volunteers are tested for...
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SARS-CoV-2 vaccine development: where are we?

M Galdiero1, M Galdiero, V Folliero

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Developing safe and effective COVID-19 vaccines is crucial for global health. This review analyzes various vaccine platforms, discussing their strengths and weaknesses to assess their potential success in combating the pandemic.

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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Immunology
  • Vaccinology

Background:

  • The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by SARS-CoV-2, presents a significant global health challenge.
  • Effective vaccination is a public health priority for controlling the pandemic and restoring normalcy.
  • Previous research on other coronaviruses and emerging viruses informs current vaccine development strategies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and analyze diverse vaccine development platforms for COVID-19.
  • To evaluate the strengths, weaknesses, and potential pitfalls of each vaccine approach.
  • To assess the likelihood of success for various COVID-19 vaccine candidates.

Main Methods:

  • Review of scientific literature on COVID-19 vaccine development.
  • Analysis of different vaccine platforms including inactivated virus, subunit, nucleic acid, and vectored vaccines.
  • Assessment of clinical trial progress and reported data for vaccine candidates.

Main Results:

  • Numerous COVID-19 vaccine candidates have been developed and entered clinical trials.
  • Various vaccine platforms are being explored, each with distinct technological underpinnings.
  • Understanding the specific advantages and disadvantages of each platform is essential for successful deployment.

Conclusions:

  • The rapid development of diverse COVID-19 vaccines demonstrates significant scientific progress.
  • Each vaccine platform presents unique challenges and opportunities for efficacy and safety.
  • A comprehensive understanding of these platforms is vital for achieving widespread immunization and pandemic control.