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Related Concept Videos

Interference and Diffraction02:18

Interference and Diffraction

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Interference is a characteristic phenomenon exhibited by waves. When two electromagnetic waves interact with their peaks and troughs coinciding, a resulting wave with enhanced amplitude is produced. This is known as constructive interference. In this case, the two waves interacting are in phase with each other.
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Total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy or TIRF is an advanced microscopic technique used to visualize fluorophores in samples close to a solid surface with a higher refractive index, such as a glass coverslip. TIRF only allows fluorophores in proximity to the solid surface to be excited. When light from a medium with a lower refractive index (such as air) hits the glass coverslip at a critical angle, the light undergoes total internal reflection stead of passing through the glass.
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Phase-Contrast Microscopes
In-phase-contrast microscopes, interference between light directly passing through a cell and light refracted by cellular components is used to create high-contrast, high-resolution images without staining. It is the oldest and simplest type of microscope that creates an image by altering the wavelengths of light rays passing through the specimen. Altered wavelength paths are created using an annular stop in the condenser. The annular stop produces a hollow cone of...
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Interference leads to systematic error in atomic absorption (AA) measurements by enhancing or diminishing the analytical signal or the background. These interferences can be grouped into three main categories: spectral interference, chemical interference, and physical interference.
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Inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry (ICP–MS) is a highly selective and sensitive technique for accurate elemental analysis. Though the analysis of ICP–MS mass spectra is comparatively straightforward, it is affected by spectroscopic and non-spectroscopic interferences. Spectroscopic interferences arise when the plasma contains ionic species with an m/z value the same as the analyte ion. Spectroscopic interference can be categorized as isobaric, polyatomic ions, and...
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Attenuated total reflectance (ATR) infrared spectroscopy is a powerful analytical technique used to study the composition of materials. It is widely employed in chemistry, materials science, forensic science, and other fields where sample characterization is required. ATR has several advantages over traditional transmission IR spectroscopy, including the requirement of little to no sample preparation and the ability to analyze a wide range of samples.
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Related Experiment Video

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Hyperspectral interference tomography of nacre.

Jad Salman1, Cayla A Stifler2, Alireza Shahsafi1

  • 1Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
|April 9, 2021
PubMed
Summary

A new, rapid, and nondestructive imaging technique called hyperspectral interference tomography (HIT) was developed to study nacre structure. This method revealed that nacre tablet thickness unexpectedly decreases with age in red abalone shells.

Keywords:
biomineralshyperspectral imagingontogenyspectroscopythin films

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Biomineralization
  • Optical Physics

Background:

  • Structural characterization of biomaterials like nacre is crucial for understanding biological processes and developing bio-inspired materials.
  • Nacre's strength and optical properties stem from its nanoscale "brick-and-mortar" structure of aragonite tablets and organic layers.
  • Current characterization methods are destructive, time-consuming, and limit analysis to small sample areas.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce a novel, all-optical, rapid, and nondestructive imaging technique for characterizing disordered layered materials.
  • To spatially map structural parameters of nacre across large areas of mollusk shells.
  • To investigate the relationship between nacre structure and mollusk age.

Main Methods:

  • Developed hyperspectral interference tomography (HIT), combining hyperspectral imaging with optical-interference modeling.
  • Applied HIT to analyze nacre from red (Haliotis rufescens) and rainbow (Haliotis iris) abalone shells.
  • Inferred mean tablet thickness and its disorder non-destructively across entire shells.

Main Results:

  • Successfully mapped nacre structural parameters over large sample areas using the nondestructive HIT technique.
  • Observed an unexpected decrease in nacre tablet thickness with increasing age in red abalone.
  • Demonstrated the potential for in-field application due to the method's speed and low cost.

Conclusions:

  • Hyperspectral interference tomography (HIT) offers a rapid, inexpensive, and nondestructive alternative for structural characterization of nacre and similar materials.
  • The study reveals a novel developmental trend in nacre structure, with tablet thickness decreasing over time in red abalone.
  • This technique has broad applicability for in-field studies of biomaterials and environmental monitoring.