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This study models gravitational waves from axion dark matter using nonlinear simulations. The findings suggest a detectable signal that could explain NANOGrav data and be observed by the SKA.

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Area of Science:

  • Cosmology
  • Particle Physics
  • Astrophysics

Background:

  • Axion dark matter is a leading candidate for non-luminous matter.
  • The production of U(1) gauge fields by axions requires nonlinear analysis for accurate modeling.
  • Gravitational waves are a key probe of the early universe and fundamental physics.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To calculate the stochastic gravitational-wave background spectrum from axion dark matter.
  • To investigate the nonlinear dynamics governing gravitational wave emission.
  • To assess the detectability of these gravitational waves by current and future observatories.

Main Methods:

  • Numerical lattice simulations were employed to capture nonlinear dynamics.
  • The simulations accounted for backreaction and rescattering effects.
  • The gravitational-wave spectrum was accurately calculated.

Main Results:

  • A specific axion model (f∼10^16 GeV, m∼10^-14 eV) predicts a detectable, circularly polarized gravitational-wave signature.
  • This signature is potentially observable by the Square Kilometre Array (SKA).
  • The calculated spectrum shows potential for explaining the NANOGrav 12.5 yr data.

Conclusions:

  • Nonlinear dynamics are crucial for accurate gravitational wave spectrum prediction from axion dark matter.
  • Axion dark matter provides a compelling source for a detectable stochastic gravitational-wave background.
  • Future observations with SKA and analysis of NANOGrav data could confirm these findings.