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Viruses with RNA Genomes01:29

Viruses with RNA Genomes

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RNA viruses are categorized into positive-strand, negative-strand, or double-stranded groups based on their genomic structure and replication mechanisms. This classification dictates how they exploit host cellular machinery for protein synthesis and replication. Some RNA viruses also utilize reverse transcription as part of their life cycle, further diversifying their replication strategies.Positive-Strand RNA VirusesPositive-strand RNA viruses have genomes that function directly as messenger...
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Subviral Agents

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Subviral agents are infectious entities that resemble viruses but lack one or more viral components, such as a capsid or essential replication machinery. These agents include viroids, prions, and satellites, each possessing distinct structural and functional characteristics that influence their mode of infection and replication.Viroids are the simplest subviral agents, consisting of circular, single-stranded RNA molecules without a protein coat. They exclusively infect plants, relying entirely...
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Retroviruses have a single-stranded RNA genome that undergoes a special form of replication. Once the retrovirus has entered the host cell, an enzyme called reverse transcriptase synthesizes double-stranded DNA from the retroviral RNA genome. This DNA copy of the genome is then integrated into the host’s genome inside the nucleus via an enzyme called integrase. Consequently, the retroviral genome is transcribed into RNA whenever the host’s genome is transcribed, allowing the...
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Viral Structure00:56

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Viruses are extraordinarily diverse in shape and size, but they all have several structural features in common. All viruses have a core that contains a DNA- or RNA-based genome. The core is surrounded by a protective coat of proteins called the capsid. The capsid is composed of subunits called capsomeres. The capsid and genome-containing core are together known as the nucleocapsid.
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Introduction to Virus01:28

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Viruses are unique biological entities that blur the boundary between living and non-living systems. Although they lack cellular structure and metabolic processes, they can exhibit characteristics of life when infecting a host. Their defining feature is a nucleic acid core, composed of either DNA or RNA, encapsulated within a protein coat called a capsid. This simple structure allows them to invade host cells and use their machinery for replication efficiently.Viral Structure and...
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Proteins can form homomeric complexes with another unit of the same protein or heteromeric complexes with different types.  Most protein complexes self-assemble spontaneously via ordered pathways, while some proteins need assembly factors that guide their proper assembly. Despite the crowded intracellular environment, proteins usually interact with their correct partners and form functional complexes.
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Quasi-enveloped hepatitis virus assembly and release.

Zongdi Feng1

  • 1Center for Vaccines and Immunity, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States; Department of Pediatrics, Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, United States.

Advances in Virus Research
|April 10, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Quasi-enveloped hepatitis A virus (HAV) and hepatitis E virus (HEV) are infectious forms that spread within the host. This review explores their distinct envelopment and exit mechanisms, challenging traditional views.

Keywords:
ESCRTExosomesMultivesicular bodiesNoncytolytic releasePolarized hepatocytesPoliovirusPositive-strand RNA virusSecretory autophagosomesViral hepatitis

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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Hepatitis Research
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Hepatitis A virus (HAV) and hepatitis E virus (HEV) are primary causes of acute hepatitis globally.
  • These viruses were traditionally considered nonenveloped.
  • Recent findings reveal they circulate as infectious, quasi-enveloped particles responsible for host spread.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current knowledge on the assembly and exit processes of quasi-enveloped HAV and HEV.
  • To compare the mechanisms of envelopment and exit between these distinct viruses.
  • To identify future research perspectives in HAV and HEV pathogenesis.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent studies on HAV and HEV assembly and exit.
  • Comparative analysis of viral life cycles and pathogenesis.
  • Synthesis of current data on quasi-enveloped particle formation.

Main Results:

  • HAV and HEV exist as infectious quasi-enveloped particles in the bloodstream.
  • These quasi-enveloped forms are crucial for virus dissemination within the host.
  • Despite distinct capsid assembly, their envelopment and exit strategies require further investigation.

Conclusions:

  • The discovery of quasi-enveloped HAV and HEV necessitates a revised understanding of their life cycle and pathogenesis.
  • Understanding the specific mechanisms of envelopment and exit is critical for developing targeted therapies.
  • Further research is needed to elucidate the similarities and differences in quasi-enveloped particle formation and release.