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The activation of the sympathetic nervous system and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) contributes to cardiac remodeling, and inhibiting the RAAS is a pharmacological target in heart failure management. As a result, neurohumoral modulation is a crucial treatment principle for managing heart failure. This approach involves using medications like ACE inhibitors (ACEIs), angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), β-blockers, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRAs), and neutral...
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Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) management can be divided into two main strategies: prevention and long-term management.Primary PreventionPrimary prevention focuses on timely diagnosis and management of group A streptococcal pharyngitis to prevent acute rheumatic fever. The most widely used antibiotic for treating this condition is intramuscular benzathine penicillin G.Acute Rheumatic Fever TreatmentThe primary treatment goal for a patient diagnosed with acute rheumatic fever is to suppress the...
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AssessmentA comprehensive assessment is essential in managing a patient with rheumatic heart disease (RHD). Begin with obtaining a detailed medical history, including recent streptococcal infections, a history of rheumatic fever, or previously diagnosed rheumatic heart disease. Assess the patient for symptoms such as fever, chest pain, widespread joint pain (arthralgia), tachycardia, pericardial friction rub, muffled heart sounds, heart murmurs, peripheral edema, subcutaneous nodules, and...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 9, 2025

Imaging Features of Systemic Sclerosis-Associated Interstitial Lung Disease
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Antifibrotics in systemic sclerosis.

Maria Martin-Lopez1, Patricia E Carreira1

  • 1Rheumatology Department, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain.

Best Practice & Research. Clinical Rheumatology
|April 11, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Systemic sclerosis (SSc) treatment is challenging. This review covers current and emerging antifibrotic therapies for SSc, focusing on nintedanib for SSc-associated interstitial lung disease (ILD).

Keywords:
Antifibrotic therapiesAntifibroticsFibrosisInterstitial lung diseaseSclerodermaSystemic sclerosis

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Area of Science:

  • Rheumatology and Pulmonology
  • Fibrotic diseases
  • Autoimmune disorders

Background:

  • Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a rare, multi-organ autoimmune disease characterized by fibrosis, vascular damage, and inflammation.
  • High morbidity and mortality associated with SSc present significant management challenges due to disease heterogeneity and limited clinical trials.
  • Current treatments, including immunosuppressants, offer modest benefits, highlighting the need for more effective antifibrotic strategies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current and emerging antifibrotic therapies for Systemic Sclerosis (SSc).
  • To summarize evidence on the efficacy and safety of antifibrotic agents in SSc patients.
  • To address the unmet need for personalized treatment strategies in SSc management.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of clinical trials and studies on antifibrotic therapies in Systemic Sclerosis.
  • Analysis of data on nintedanib's efficacy in SSc-associated interstitial lung disease (ILD).
  • Evaluation of emerging antifibrotic agents and their potential in SSc treatment.

Main Results:

  • Nintedanib, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, shows demonstrated safety and efficacy in treating ILD associated with SSc.
  • Several other antifibrotic agents are under investigation with promising preliminary results.
  • Evidence suggests a growing therapeutic landscape for antifibrotic interventions in SSc.

Conclusions:

  • Antifibrotic therapies, including nintedanib, represent a significant advancement in managing Systemic Sclerosis, particularly for lung manifestations.
  • Further research is needed to define optimal patient selection, timing, and choice of antifibrotic agents for SSc.
  • Personalized therapeutic approaches are crucial for improving outcomes in SSc patients.