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Related Concept Videos

Polytene Chromosomes02:04

Polytene Chromosomes

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Polytene chromosomes are giant interphase chromosomes with several DNA strands placed side by side. They were discovered in the year 1881 by Balbiani in salivary glands, intestine, muscles, malpighian tubules, and hypoderm of larvae Chironomus plumosus. Hence, these are also called "Salivary gland chromosomes." These are found in insects of the order Diptera and Collembola; in certain organs of mammals; and synergids, antipodes of flowering plants. Polytene chromosomes are also...
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During meiosis, chromosomes occasionally separate improperly. This occurs due to failure of homologous chromosome separation during meiosis I or failed sister chromatid separation during meiosis II. In some species, notably plants, nondisjunction can result in an organism with an entire additional set of chromosomes, which is called polyploidy. In humans, nondisjunction can occur during male or female gametogenesis and the resulting gametes possess one too many or one too few chromosomes.
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Nondisjunction01:21

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Nondisjunction is the failure of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids to separate correctly and move to the opposite poles of the cells. This produces daughter cells with abnormal chromosome numbers.  Nondisjunction is common during anaphase I or anaphase II of meiosis.  Mutations in synaptonemal complex proteins that attach homologous chromosomes increase the chances of nondisjunction in anaphase I of meiosis I. In contrast, mutations in topoisomerases and condensins that hold...
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Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
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Meiosis is a carefully orchestrated set of cell divisions, the goal of which—in humans—is to produce haploid sperm or eggs, each containing half the number of chromosomes present in somatic cells elsewhere in the body. Meiosis I is the first such division, and involves several key steps, among them: condensation of replicated chromosomes in diploid cells; the pairing of homologous chromosomes and their exchange of information; and finally, the separation of homologous chromosomes by...
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Meiosis is the division of a diploid cell into haploid cells forming sperm and eggs in animals through differentiation. Meiosis I is the first stage of meiosis, where the genetic recombination of homologous chromosomes and the reduction of the ploidy level by half occurs.
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Human cell polyploidization: The good and the evil.

Jing Zhang1, Qing Qiao2, Hong Xu1

  • 1State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Pathology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China.

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Therapeutic resistance in lethal cancers is linked to polyploid giant cancer cells (PGCCs). Understanding PGCC formation offers new strategies to combat treatment-resistant cancers.

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Cell fusionEndoreplicationPolyploid giant cancer cellsRecombinatorial reproductionTherapeutic resistance

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Cell Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Therapeutic resistance is a major cause of cancer mortality.
  • Mechanisms underlying cancer resistance remain largely unclear.
  • Polyploidy, an increase in DNA content leading to cell enlargement, occurs in various physiological and pathological conditions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the role of polyploidy in development and inflammation.
  • To explore the formation and propagation of polyploid giant cancer cells (PGCCs).
  • To discuss therapeutic opportunities for combating resistant cancers by targeting PGCCs.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review on polyploidy in biological processes.
  • Analysis of recent research on PGCC induction and reprogramming.
  • Discussion of potential therapeutic interventions based on PGCC biology.

Main Results:

  • Polyploid cells, including PGCCs, play roles in development, inflammation, and cancer.
  • Cancer cells can be induced into PGCCs, which contributes to acquired resistance.
  • PGCC formation and propagation aid cancer cell survival.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding PGCCs provides insights into cancer resistance mechanisms.
  • Targeting PGCCs presents a novel therapeutic paradigm for lethal, resistant cancers.
  • Further research into PGCCs could lead to effective interventions for challenging cancers.