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Related Concept Videos

Standard Precaution01:26

Standard Precaution

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Standard precautions are the minimum infection control safeguards used while caring for all patients, irrespective of their disease condition. They help prevent the spread of common infectious microorganisms to healthcare workers, patients, and visitors in all healthcare settings.
Hand hygiene is the most crucial means to prevent the transmission of disease. Employers are legally required to provide their workers with personal protective equipment (PPE) to minimize exposure or contact with...
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Tracheostomy Care I: Pre-procedural Steps01:16

Tracheostomy Care I: Pre-procedural Steps

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A tracheostomy is a surgical technique that involves making an incision in the neck to provide access to the trachea. It is frequently used in medical conditions such as airway obstruction and prolonged mechanical ventilation. Effective nursing management is crucial for the long-term success of a tracheostomy.
Required Equipment
The equipment necessary for tracheostomy care includes:
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Cleaning, Sterilization, and Disinfection01:30

Cleaning, Sterilization, and Disinfection

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Cleaning, disinfection, and sterilization are the methods that help to break the infection chain and prevent disease.
Cleaning
The cleaning process usually involves using water with detergents or enzymatic cleaner and removing foreign material from objects and surfaces, including organic material such as body fluids or inorganic material like soil. Cleaning is performed before high-level disinfection and sterilization because foreign materials on the cover of the devices interfere with process...
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Asepsis01:28

Asepsis

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The condition of being free from disease-causing living pathogens is asepsis. Aseptic techniques include a set of standard practices to achieve asepsis. An example is the regular environmental cleaning of all parts of the healthcare facility and hand hygiene at home before preparing or eating food. Medical and surgical asepsis in healthcare practice protects patients from harmful pathogens, minimizes the risk of contamination of susceptible sites, and reduces the risk of infection transmission.
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Healthcare Associated Infections II: Preventive Measures01:22

Healthcare Associated Infections II: Preventive Measures

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Essential infection prevention measures are based on the knowledge of the infection chain, the modes of transmission in healthcare settings, and the use of the best practices in all healthcare settings. Compulsory public reporting of healthcare-associated infection rates is needed to allow individuals and the community to make informed choices regarding selecting a healthcare facility.
The best practices for preventing healthcare-associated infections include hand hygiene, patient risk...
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Tracheostomy Care II: Procedure01:25

Tracheostomy Care II: Procedure

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Tracheostomy care is an essential nursing skill that involves cleaning and maintaining a tracheostomy tube to prevent infection and other complications. Here's a step-by-step guide explaining each procedure with its rationale. Note that disposable gloves are to be worn at all times and changed as often as needed to maintain a sterile work environment, and to protect both patient and healthcare worker.
Step 1: Perform hand hygiene, and put on personal protective equipment: gown, gloves, mask...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 9, 2025

A Protocol to Set Up Needle-Free Connector with Positive Displacement on Central Venous Catheter in Intensive Care Unit
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A Protocol to Set Up Needle-Free Connector with Positive Displacement on Central Venous Catheter in Intensive Care Unit

Published on: July 13, 2019

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Protocol Use in Surgical Intensive Care Units.

Christopher P Michetti1, Anna B Newcomb1, Chang Liu1

  • 1Inova Fairfax Hospital, Falls Church, Virginia.

The Journal of Surgical Research
|April 11, 2021
PubMed
Summary

This study found no link between the number of clinical protocols used in surgical intensive care units (ICUs) and patient outcomes like mortality or length of stay. More protocols did not lead to better results for critically ill surgical patients.

Keywords:
Critical careICUPrevalenceProtocolsSurgical critical careSurgical intensive care unit

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Area of Science:

  • Critical Care Medicine
  • Surgical Outcomes Research
  • Health Services Research

Background:

  • Clinical protocols are common in intensive care settings.
  • The relationship between protocol prevalence and patient outcomes in surgical intensive care units (ICUs) remains unclear.
  • This study investigated whether higher protocol use in ICUs is associated with improved patient outcomes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the association between the number of clinical protocols used in surgical ICUs and patient outcomes.
  • To test the hypothesis that ICUs utilizing more protocols exhibit better patient outcomes.

Main Methods:

  • A retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data from 1044 surgical and trauma patients across 42 trauma centers.
  • Protocol prevalence was categorized into Low, Moderate, and High use groups.
  • In-hospital mortality, ventilator days, ICU length of stay, and hospital-acquired infections were analyzed as outcomes.

Main Results:

  • No statistically significant association was found between the number of protocols used and in-hospital mortality (OR 1.01; P=0.65).
  • Higher protocol use did not correlate with significant differences in secondary outcomes such as ventilator days, tracheostomy, renal replacement therapy, transfusion, or hospital-acquired infections.
  • Conversely, higher mortality was observed in open ICUs compared to closed ICUs (OR 1.74; P=0.033) and in surgical/trauma patients compared to trauma-only patients (OR 1.86; P<0.001).

Conclusions:

  • In this multicenter observational study, the number of clinical protocols implemented in surgical ICUs was not associated with patient outcomes.
  • The findings suggest that simply increasing the number of protocols may not improve outcomes for critically ill surgical patients.
  • Further research is needed to understand the complex factors influencing outcomes in surgical ICUs.