Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Functions of Thyroid Hormones

Functions of Thyroid Hormones

The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
TH is indispensable for the normal development and maturation of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems during fetal and childhood growth. It facilitates bone mineral turnover and regulates protein synthesis in developing tissues, contributing significantly to overall growth and...

Antidepressant Drugs: MAOIs and Other Agents

Antidepressant Drugs: MAOIs and Other Agents

Atypical antidepressants, including bupropion (Wellbutrin), mirtazapine (Remeron), nefazodone (Serzone), trazodone (Desyrel), and vilazodone (Viibryd), offer unique mechanisms of action. Bupropion weakly inhibits dopamine and norepinephrine reuptake, aiding depression treatment and smoking cessation, with a low risk of sexual dysfunction. Mirtazapine enhances serotonin and norepinephrine neurotransmission, leading to sedation, increased appetite, and weight gain. As a result, it helps treat...

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The...

Major Hormones and Their Functions

Major Hormones and Their Functions

Hormones, the biochemical messengers produced by endocrine glands, are pivotal in regulating bodily functions and maintaining homeostasis. Each hormone's balance is crucial; imbalances can lead to significant physiological disruptions. Major hormones include oxytocin, cortisol, epinephrine, estrogen, testosterone, thyroxine, growth hormone, insulin, and glucagon.
Oxytocin, produced in the hypothalamus and released by the pituitary gland, plays a role in social bonding, childbirth, and...

Depressive Disorders: MDD and Dysthymia

Depressive Disorders: MDD and Dysthymia

Depressive disorders are a group of mental health conditions characterized by pervasive feelings of sadness, diminished pleasure in life, and a significant impact on daily functioning. These conditions are most prevalent in individuals during their 30s and affect women at twice the rate of men. Contrary to popular belief, younger individuals are generally more susceptible to these disorders than older adults. Two key types of depressive disorders include Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) and...

Depressive Disorders: Etiology

Depressive Disorders: Etiology

Depressive disorders result from a complex interplay of biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors, each contributing uniquely to the development and persistence of the condition. Understanding these factors provides critical insight into the multifaceted nature of depression.
Biological Factors in Depression
Biological predispositions significantly influence the risk of developing depressive disorders. Genetic studies highlight the role of variations in the serotonin transporter...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

DREAMSPHEN: a randomised controlled study comparing dose reduction of antipsychotics vs maintenance treatment in schizophrenia spectrum disorder after stratification based on patients' psychotic phenotype - study protocol of a personalised medicine approach.

BMJ open·2026

Same author

Neural and psychosocial signatures of the comorbidity between pain and affective symptoms.

Pain reports·2025

Same author

Chronic pain is linked to a resting-state neural archetype that optimizes learning from punishments.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2025

Same author

Individualizing rTMS in treatment-resistant depression from patient-specific perfusion abnormalities a proof-of-concept randomized trial in comparison to standard rTMS and tDCS.

European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience·2025

Same author

Cardiovascular Effects of Non-Selective Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors and Intranasal Esketamine Combination in Depression - A Quasi-Experimental Design with Bayesian Analyses.

Pharmacopsychiatry·2025

Same author

Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis hyperactivity is normalized after successful intermittent theta-burst stimulation in resistant depressed patients.

Psychoneuroendocrinology·2024

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 9, 2025

Developing a Rat Model for Bipolar Disorder

Developing a Rat Model for Bipolar Disorder

Published on: May 2, 2025

Thyroid axis activity and dopamine function in depression.

Fabrice Duval¹, Marie-Claude Mokrani¹, Alexis Erb¹

¹APF2R, Rouffach Centre Hospitalier, Pôle 8/9, Rouffach, France.

Psychoneuroendocrinology

|April 11, 2021

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Depression is linked to altered hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis and dopamine (DA) function. Findings suggest DA function is unchanged in HPT-dysregulated depression but reduced in those with normal HPT axis activity.

Keywords:

Apomorphine Depression Dopamine Homeostasis Thyrotropin (TSH)Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)

More Related Videos

Standardized Data Acquisition for Neuromelanin-Sensitive Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Substantia Nigra

Standardized Data Acquisition for Neuromelanin-Sensitive Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Substantia Nigra

Published on: September 8, 2021

Homogeneous Time-resolved Förster Resonance Energy Transfer-based Assay for Detection of Insulin Secretion

Homogeneous Time-resolved Förster Resonance Energy Transfer-based Assay for Detection of Insulin Secretion

Published on: May 10, 2018

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Nov 9, 2025

Developing a Rat Model for Bipolar Disorder

Developing a Rat Model for Bipolar Disorder

Published on: May 2, 2025

Standardized Data Acquisition for Neuromelanin-Sensitive Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Substantia Nigra

Standardized Data Acquisition for Neuromelanin-Sensitive Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Substantia Nigra

Published on: September 8, 2021

Homogeneous Time-resolved Förster Resonance Energy Transfer-based Assay for Detection of Insulin Secretion

Homogeneous Time-resolved Förster Resonance Energy Transfer-based Assay for Detection of Insulin Secretion

Published on: May 10, 2018

Area of Science:

Neuroendocrinology
Psychiatry
Molecular Psychiatry

Background:

Depression is associated with dysregulation in the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis and dopamine (DA) system.
The precise functional interplay between these neuroendocrine and neurotransmitter systems in depression remains unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the relationship between HPT axis function and dopamine receptor sensitivity in major depressive disorder.
To explore how alterations in thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) and DA signaling contribute to depressive states.

Main Methods:

Assessed thyrotropin (TSH) response to thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) challenges at different times of day.
Measured adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), cortisol, and growth hormone (GH) responses to apomorphine (APO), a DA receptor agonist.
Studied 58 drug-free major depressed inpatients and 22 healthy controls.

Main Results:

Depressed patients exhibited lower basal 2300h-TSH levels and blunted TSH responses to TRH compared to controls.
Cortisol response to APO was reduced in depressed patients.
A negative correlation was found between TSH response dynamics and hormonal responses to APO in depressed individuals.
Patients with normal HPT axis activity showed decreased DA-receptor function.

Conclusions:

Hypothalamic DA function appears unaltered in depressed patients with HPT axis dysregulation.
Conversely, DA-receptor function is diminished in depressed patients with a normal HPT axis.
These findings highlight the complex interactions between TRH and DA systems in the pathophysiology of depression.