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Related Concept Videos

Interactions Between Signaling Pathways01:19

Interactions Between Signaling Pathways

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Signaling cascades usually lack linearity. Multiple pathways interact and regulate one another, allowing cells to integrate and respond to diverse environmental stimuli.
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Diversity in Cell Signaling Responses01:22

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The physiological function of a cell and cellular communication are outcomes of a range of extrinsic signals, intracellular signaling pathways, and cellular responses. No two cell types express the same repertoire of signaling components. Receptors are highly selective for their cognate ligands, but once activated, they can alter multiple cellular processes such as DNA transcription, protein synthesis, and metabolic activity. 
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Thermoregulation01:26

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The human body has a sophisticated thermoregulation system that employs negative feedback mechanisms to maintain an optimal core temperature. When the core temperature drops, peripheral and central thermoreceptors send signals to the hypothalamus, activating the heat-promoting center. This center triggers several responses aimed at increasing the core temperature. First, vasoconstriction reduces the flow of warm blood from internal organs to the skin so that the heat is not lost from the skin,...
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The JAK-STAT Signaling Pathway01:20

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Several cytokine receptors have tightly bound Janus kinase or JAK proteins attached at their cytosolic tail. Small signaling molecules such as cytokines, growth hormones, or prolactins bind to the cytokine receptors and initiate their dimerization. The dimerization brings the cytosolic JAKs together that trans-phosphorylate and activates each other. The activated JAKs now phosphorylate cytosolic tails of the cytokine receptors, which serve as binding sites for adaptor proteins such as  SH2...
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Amplifying Signals via Enzymatic Cascade01:22

Amplifying Signals via Enzymatic Cascade

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When a ligand binds to a cell-surface receptor, the receptor's intracellular domain changes shape, which may either activate its enzyme function or allow its binding to other molecules. The initial signal is amplified by most signal transduction pathways. This means that a single ligand molecule can activate multiple molecules of a downstream target. Proteins that relay a signal are most commonly phosphorylated at one or more sites, activating or inactivating the protein. Kinases catalyze...
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The mammalian target of rapamycin  (mTOR) is a serine/threonine kinase that regulates growth, proliferation, and cell survival in response to hormones, growth factors, or nutrient availability. This kinase exists in two structurally and functionally distinct forms: mTOR complex 1  (mTORC1) and mTOR complex 2  (mTORC2). The first form (mTORC1) is composed of a rapamycin-sensitive Raptor and proline-rich Akt substrate, PRAS40. In contrast,  mTORC2 consists of a...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 9, 2025

Measuring Skeletal Muscle Thermogenesis in Mice and Rats
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Signaling Pathways Regulating Thermogenesis.

Chihiro Tabuchi1, Hei Sook Sul1

  • 1Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States.

Frontiers in Endocrinology
|April 12, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Obesity is a global epidemic lacking effective treatments. This review explores how activating brown and beige fat cells through pathways like beta-3 adrenergic signaling can combat obesity by increasing energy expenditure.

Keywords:
TGFβ superfamilyUCP1b3-adrenergic signalingbrown adipose tissuebrowning/beiginginsulin/IGF1 signalingthermogenesisthyroid hormone

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Area of Science:

  • Metabolic research
  • Adipose tissue biology
  • Obesity research

Background:

  • Obesity, characterized by excess white adipose tissue (WAT), is a major global health issue linked to type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases.
  • Current obesity treatments lack safety and efficacy.
  • Brown and beige adipocytes, unlike white adipocytes, dissipate energy as heat through UCP1, offering a potential therapeutic target.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review key signaling pathways regulating thermogenesis and browning of WAT.
  • To highlight the therapeutic potential of targeting adipocyte thermogenesis for obesity treatment.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of signaling pathways involved in adipocyte thermogenesis.
  • Analysis of the role of beta-3 adrenergic signaling, insulin/IGF1, thyroid hormone, and TGF-beta family in regulating WAT browning.

Main Results:

  • Beta-3 adrenergic signaling is a classical pathway for activating thermogenesis in response to cold.
  • Other pathways, including insulin/IGF1, thyroid hormone, and TGF-beta family, also significantly influence adipocyte thermogenesis and browning.
  • The presence of brown/beige adipocytes in adult humans presents a promising therapeutic avenue.

Conclusions:

  • Targeting thermogenesis and browning in adipocytes holds significant therapeutic potential for combating obesity.
  • Further research into these signaling pathways could lead to novel anti-obesity strategies.