Urea biosensors: A comprehensive review

Area of Science:

• Biomedical Engineering
• Analytical Chemistry
• Materials Science

Background:

• Urea (carbamide) is a vital biomarker and industrial compound.
• Abnormal urea levels indicate critical health issues like kidney failure and hepatic issues.
• Urea detection is crucial in healthcare, agriculture, and food industries.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review recent advancements in urea biosensors.
• To provide comprehensive information on sensing parameters based on enzyme immobilization materials.
• To discuss the basics of biosensors for researchers.

Main Methods:

• Review of literature on urea biosensor materials.
• Analysis of nanoparticles, conducting polymers, and carbon materials for enzyme immobilization.
• Discussion of sensing parameters and urease enzyme stability.

Main Results:

• Various materials like nanoparticles, conducting polymers, and carbon nanomaterials enhance urea biosensor performance.
• Enzyme immobilization strategies are critical for biosensor stability and longevity.
• Recent advances focus on optimizing materials for sensitive and selective urea detection.

Conclusions:

• Urea biosensors are essential tools for monitoring urea levels in diverse applications.
• Material selection for enzyme immobilization significantly impacts biosensor efficacy.
• Continued research in novel materials and immobilization techniques will advance urea biosensor technology.