Related Experiment Video
Updated: Nov 9, 2025
A Microwave-Assisted Direct Heteroarylation of Ketones Using Transition Metal Catalysis
Published on: February 16, 2020
Aryne Multicomponent Reactions by Directed C-H Activation
Sunil Kumar Sunnam1,2, Jitendra D Belani1
1College of Pharmacy, Thomas Jefferson University, 1020 Locust street, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
Abstract:
Arylation via ortho C-H activation by the aid of directing groups has been explored recently by many researchers. Herein, a palladium-catalyzed C-H arylation using 8-aminoquinoline as a bidentate directing group has been developed. The reaction furnishes only C-H arylation, unlike previous methods where cyclization to corresponding isoquinolones is observed. More interestingly, sequential C-H functionalization was observed when methylacrylate and acrylonitrile was added; this led to C-H olefination with the aryl group, which was installed from the aryne precursor.
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Alkylation of terminal alkynes with primary alkyl halides in the presence of a strong base like sodium amide is one of the common methods for the synthesis of longer carbon-chain alkynes. For example, treatment of 1-propyne with sodium amide followed by reaction with ethyl bromide yields 2-pentyne.
02:24Reduction of Alkynes to cis-Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation
Like alkenes, alkynes can be reduced to alkanes in the presence of transition metal catalysts such as Pt, Pd, or Ni. The reaction involves two sequential syn additions of hydrogen via a cis-alkene intermediate.
02:38Electrophilic Addition to Alkynes: Halogenation
Halogenation is another class of electrophilic addition reactions where a halogen molecule gets added across a π bond. In alkynes, the presence of two π bonds allows for the addition of two equivalents of halogens (bromine or chlorine). The addition of the first halogen molecule forms a trans-dihaloalkene as the major product and the cis isomer as the minor product. Subsequent addition of the second equivalent yields the tetrahalide.
02:47Alkynes to Aldehydes and Ketones: Hydroboration-Oxidation
One of the convenient methods for the preparation of aldehydes and ketones is via hydration of alkynes. Hydroboration-oxidation of alkynes is an indirect hydration reaction in which an alkyne is treated with borane followed by oxidation with alkaline peroxide to form an enol that rapidly converts into an aldehyde or a ketone. Terminal alkynes form aldehydes, whereas internal alkynes give ketones as the final product.
02:34Preparation of Alkynes: Dehydrohalogenation
Alkynes can be prepared by dehydrohalogenation of vicinal or geminal dihalides in the presence of a strong base like sodium amide in liquid ammonia. The reaction proceeds with the loss of two equivalents of hydrogen halide (HX) via two successive E2 elimination reactions.
01:32Aldehydes and Ketones with HCN: Cyanohydrin Formation Overview