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Updated: Nov 9, 2025

Post Column Derivatization Using Reaction Flow High Performance Liquid Chromatography Columns
Published on: April 26, 2016
Liquid-Liquid Chromatography: Current Design Approaches and Future Pathways.
Raena Morley1, Mirjana Minceva1
1Biothermodynamics, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany; email: raena.morley@tum.de, mirjana.minceva@tum.de.
Solid support-free liquid-liquid chromatography is a versatile separation technique for natural products research. This review highlights its potential, operating modes, and model-based design for broader adoption.
Area of Science:
- Analytical Chemistry
- Separation Science
- Natural Products Research
Background:
- Solid support-free liquid-liquid chromatography (LLC) has been utilized since the 1960s.
- LLC employs two liquid phases (mobile and stationary) for versatile separations.
- It is adaptable for molecules ranging from hydrophobic to highly polar, including proteins.
Purpose of the Study:
- To introduce a broader audience to the potential of solid support-free liquid-liquid chromatography.
- To present diverse operating modes and solvent systems for LLC.
- To discuss structured, model-based design approaches for LLC.
Main Methods:
- Review of existing literature on solid support-free liquid-liquid chromatography.
- Analysis of different operating modes and solvent systems.
- Examination of model-based design strategies.
Main Results:
- LLC is highly versatile, suitable for a wide range of molecules.
- Despite its potential, LLC faces challenges in industrial acceptance and process modeling compared to other techniques.
- Opportunities for further research in LLC are identified.
Conclusions:
- Solid support-free liquid-liquid chromatography offers significant potential for natural products research and other applications.
- Further development in process modeling and industrial application is needed to realize LLC's full capabilities.
- This review provides a foundation for understanding and advancing LLC techniques.
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