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Related Concept Videos

Bonding and Strength of Aggregate01:12

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The bond between aggregate particles and the cement matrix is significantly influenced by the shape and surface texture of the aggregates. High-strength concretes benefit from a rougher texture, which leads to stronger bonding due to greater adhesion. Angular aggregates with larger surface areas also enhance this bond. The bonding quality, however, is complex to assess as no universally accepted test exists. Good bonding is indicated when a crushed concrete specimen shows some aggregate...
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Another way in which a group presence can affect performance is social loafing—the exertion of less effort by a person working together with a group. Social loafing occurs when our individual performance cannot be evaluated separately from the group. Thus, group performance declines on easy tasks (Karau & Williams, 1993). Essentially individual group members loaf and let other group members pick up the slack. Because each individual’s efforts cannot be evaluated,...
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Strength tests for cement are not performed directly on neat cement paste due to difficulty in obtaining consistent, reliable specimens. Instead, cement is typically tested in the form of cement-sand mortar.
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Atoms participate in a chemical bond formation to acquire a completed valence-shell electron configuration similar to that of the noble gas nearest to it in atomic number. Ionic, covalent, and metallic bonds are some of the important types of chemical bonds. Bond energy and bond length determine the strength of a chemical bond.
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Considering the tensile strength of concrete involves recognizing that the theoretical strength of cement paste can be up to a thousand times higher than what is observed in practical applications. This significant discrepancy is largely attributed to the presence of microscopic cracks within the concrete. These cracks tend to amplify stress at their tips when a load is applied, a phenomenon explained by Griffith's theory of brittle fracture.
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Some compounds produce hydroxide ions when dissolved by chemically reacting with water molecules. In all cases, these compounds react only partially and so are classified as weak bases. These types of compounds are also abundant in nature and important commodities in various technologies. For example, global production of the weak base ammonia is typically well over 100 metric tons annually, being widely used as an agricultural fertilizer, a raw material for chemical synthesis of other...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 9, 2025

Measuring the Strength of Mice
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Strength Is Still a Weakness in Coalition Formation: Replicating and Understanding the Strength-Is-Weakness Effect.

Joeri Wissink1, Ilja van Beest1, Tila Pronk1

  • 1Tilburg University, The Netherlands.

Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin
|April 13, 2021
PubMed
Summary

The Strength-is-Weakness effect in coalition formation, where powerful individuals are excluded, was replicated across platforms. The equity norm influences this by making strong bargainers demand more, leading weaker bargainers to form coalitions with each other.

Keywords:
Strength-is-Weaknesscoalition formationequityonline synchronous gamesreplication

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Area of Science:

  • Social Psychology
  • Game Theory
  • Behavioral Economics

Background:

  • The Strength-is-Weakness effect describes the exclusion of resource-rich individuals from coalitions.
  • Prior research faced limitations due to small sample sizes, lack of incentives, and insufficient focus on underlying mechanisms.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To conduct a cross-platform replication of the Strength-is-Weakness effect.
  • To investigate the underlying psychological processes driving this effect, particularly the role of the equity norm.

Main Methods:

  • Replication of the Strength-is-Weakness effect using the Online Coalition Game.
  • Studies conducted across three platforms: a psychology laboratory, Amazon Mechanical Turk, and Prolific.
  • Analysis of bargaining behavior and payoff claims in relation to bargainer strength and equity norms.

Main Results:

  • The Strength-is-Weakness effect was successfully replicated across all tested platforms.
  • The equity norm was identified as a key factor: strong bargainers claimed larger payoffs, reducing their attractiveness.
  • Weak bargainers anticipated these larger claims, leading them to preferentially form coalitions with other weak bargainers.

Conclusions:

  • The Strength-is-Weakness effect is a robust phenomenon replicable across diverse participant pools.
  • The equity norm significantly shapes coalition formation by influencing payoff expectations and partner selection.
  • The Online Coalition Game serves as a valuable platform for high-powered research on coalition formation dynamics.