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Related Concept Videos

Hormones Regulating Blood Glucose01:16

Hormones Regulating Blood Glucose

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Insulin is released by beta cells of the pancreas when blood glucose levels are high. It facilitates glucose absorption and utilization in insulin-dependent cells with insulin receptors on their plasma membranes. Insulin promotes glucose uptake by increasing the number of glucose transport proteins in the cell membrane, allowing glucose to enter the cell. As a result, glucose utilization and ATP production are enhanced.
In addition to accelerating glucose uptake and utilization, insulin has...
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Glucose Homeostasis: Regulation of Blood Glucose01:02

Glucose Homeostasis: Regulation of Blood Glucose

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Carbohydrates consumed through foods are converted into glucose, a crucial energy source for the body. In the prandial state, high blood glucose levels stimulate the secretion of insulin from the pancreas. Insulin inhibits hepatic glucose production and stimulates glucose uptake and metabolism by muscle and adipose tissue. The excess glucose is converted into glycogen and stored in the liver and muscles.
During fasting, when blood glucose levels are low, the pancreas secretes glucagon. it...
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T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

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When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
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Glucose Homeostasis: Pancreatic Islets and Insulin Secretion01:27

Glucose Homeostasis: Pancreatic Islets and Insulin Secretion

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The pancreatic islets comprising only 1%-2% of the volume are highly vascularized and innervated mini-organs. They contain five endocrine cell types, including β cells that secrete insulin, which is synthesized as a single polypeptide chain, preproinsulin, processed to proinsulin, and finally to insulin and C-peptide. This process is complex and regulated, involving the Golgi complex, the endoplasmic reticulum, and the secretory granules of the β cell.
Insulin and C-peptide are...
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T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

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T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
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Updated: Nov 9, 2025

Human In Vitro Suppression as Screening Tool for the Recognition of an Early State of Immune Imbalance
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Glucose makes Treg lose their temper.

Matteo Villa1, David O'Sullivan2, Erika L Pearce3

  • 1Department of Immunometabolism, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108, Freiburg, Germany.

Cancer Cell
|April 13, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Regulatory T cells (Treg) adapt their metabolism to avoid glucose competition, which supports tumor growth. Targeting Treg metabolic pathways offers a novel strategy for cancer immunotherapy.

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Metabolic pathways
  • Cancer biology

Background:

  • Glucose availability is a critical factor influencing the balance between anti-tumor immune responses and cancer progression.
  • Regulatory T cells (Treg) play a crucial role in immune suppression within the tumor microenvironment.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how regulatory T cells (Treg) manage glucose competition within the tumor microenvironment.
  • To understand the metabolic adaptations of Treg that contribute to tumor progression.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of Treg metabolic profiles in the context of glucose competition.
  • Investigating the impact of Treg metabolic shaping on immune cell function and tumor growth.

Main Results:

  • Regulatory T cells (Treg) actively modify their metabolic processes to circumvent competition for glucose.
  • This metabolic adaptation by Treg cells is essential for their stability and function within tumors.
  • Sustained Treg stability through metabolic adaptation promotes tumor progression by suppressing anti-cancer immunity.

Conclusions:

  • The metabolic plasticity of Treg cells is a key mechanism for immune evasion in cancer.
  • Targeting the metabolic "eating habits" of Treg cells presents a promising therapeutic avenue for enhancing cancer immunotherapy efficacy.